tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35781364360687319102024-02-19T04:21:26.561-08:00Population and Development in India"Public intellectuals should be able to speak truth to power"Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.comBlogger132125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-9242349245972437812021-10-31T09:23:00.003-07:002021-10-31T09:23:35.271-07:00Managing the Infant Mortality in India<p></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dr.
Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Population
and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Forum
for Population Action</span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></p><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 18.15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10.4pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: montserrat, serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Higher
incomes often translate into improvements on many counts. In IMR, however,
there’s no evidence of a tight link between the two. For instance, Nepal with
just over half of India’s per capita GDP, has a lower IMR. Sri Lanka’s IMR is
close to that of EU at a fraction of the per capita income. If it’s not income,
neither is state capacity a watertight indicator. Iraq, Syria and Libya, three
countries where state capacity has been undermined by civil war, do better than
India. The answer may lie in the starkly uneven performances of India’s states.</span></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote></blockquote><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></span></p><p></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-29867074644845056432021-09-29T09:10:00.004-07:002021-09-29T20:12:44.782-07:00Are seniors in India struggling with loneliness?<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="text-align: right;">Dr.
Devendra Kothari</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Population
and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forum
for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“Indian
society needs to understand and accept the need for emotional and even physical
support especially at the old age. The stigma of late life companionship has
been running in society for so long but it should hopefully be changed.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">News18 <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The relationship between age and loneliness is
intriguing. While loneliness has been widely perceived as a problem of old age,
there is evidence suggesting that adolescence is the peak age for experiencing
loneliness and there are demonstrable variations between nations in reported
rates of loneliness.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This Post (#132) focuses on people of an advanced age or seniors (70+) with
special reference to India. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Indian Census 2011 was
conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The
population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011.
According to the reports, the Indian population increased to 1210.8 million
(623.7 million males and 587.1 million females) as on March 1, 2011 with a
decadal growth of 17.70 per cent. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The data on sex and marital status by
age unveils the characteristics of population composition and provides
disaggregated data for target oriented projects. In the age-group 0-14, male
population was about one per cent more than female, whereas in the age-group
60+, the proportion of females was one per cent more than Males. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">At the national level, the percentage
of the aged (60+) population is 8.0 per cent (96 million). Distribution of the
population by marital status shows that in 2011, 47.8 per cent of the
population at the national level is reported as never married. Married
population constitutes 47.0 per cent of the total population whereas
widowed/divorced/separated constitutes 5.2 percent (63 million). The proportion
of the W/D/S female population is much higher than males at the national level.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="storypara10" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="storypara12" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There is no
shortage of lonely older 70+ single Indians. According to the 2011 Census data,
almost 15 million elderly Indians live alone and three-quarters of them are
women. There are signs that some are interested in remarriage or looking for
partnership or companionship. But social pressures are creating obstacles, as
per News18. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is completely understandable as to why one
might feel lonely as he/she gets older. Children or family members might have
moved out of the house and are far away. Even worse, your spouse could have
passed away.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: verdana; padding: 0cm;">Further, in the Covid-19 pandemic period where loneliness,
aloofness, depression, and mental breakdown has engulfed strong and young
individuals and compelled them to take disastrous decisions to end their lives, it is now time for every such individual to pull up their socks and take
effective measures and
exercise one’s right to treat
oneself for better wellbeing and live a quality life.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">I had an active social and
working life but, after the death of my wife around six years ago, the 78-year-old
widower whose children have settled down in North America has felt a need
for someone at home. Evening is my favorite time of the day. I spend it sipping
tea sitting alone on the balcony. Also, as evening fell I’d get worried about
my health and being alone at home and my safety. Due to Covid-19, I
cannot go out. I need a partner, but in India late-life relationships are
generally frowned upon by a society that places a high value on marriage and
disapproves of living outside wedlock. This is a story of lonely people like me
who are living alone. Here the conception of partnership or companionship is
very important.</span></p><p class="storypara5" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="storypara10" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In traditional
Indian society, older people have always occupied a position of reverence.
They, in turn, are expected to lead a life that's centered on spirituality and
family -- often helping to care for grandchildren, for example. Dating or
finding a partner in later life, after a spouse has passed away, isn't the
cultural norm.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">And while
seniors dating agencies are making matches, some say it's still difficult to
sign people up, especially women -- even when they're offered financial
incentives. <span lang="EN-IN">Silver Talkies is one of such platforms for 55+.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The platform runs two social clubs for
seniors in Bengaluru. The following discussion is based on such experiences.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="storypara11" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="storypara11" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Adult children
in urban India or outside no longer automatically invite their parents to live
with them, leaving many without a support network they may have expected when
they were younger. In 2012, Madhav Damle, an-ex publisher in the Indian city of
Pune, Maharashtra, conducted a survey of 400 senior citizens in that city about
their attitudes towards finding a companion. More than 70 per cent of
respondents thought live-in relationships were an ideal solution for lonely
senior citizens looking for companionship.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="storypara13" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="gmail-storypara14" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Saroj Ghatani, a 60-year-old widow from Pune, has been
seeking a partner to live with for the last year. Her children don't like the
idea, but she's prepared to go against their wishes. "They feel at 60 I
have lived my life and shouldn't really think of finding a partner," she
said, adding that her children worry she may not be available to help raise her
grandchildren if she finds a new partner. "All my life I have worked to
raise them and support them and the family. Now I want to think only about
myself and live the life I want to," she says. But it is not easy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Men
and women typically want different things from live-in relationships, according
to Natubhai Patel, 71. He started his non-profit dating service, Anubandh
Foundation, after the 2001 earthquake in Gujarat. Around 25,000 people were
killed in the quake and many survivors were left without a spouse. Patel says
while many older Indian women want companionship, many potential male partners
are looking for someone to manage the kitchen. But it is not easy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Companionship
is much needed, but I'm afraid many older men are so used to being taken care
of by their now-deceased wives that they are looking for someone to run their
house and take care of them in old age. That's not my idea of having a
companion. I don't want additional responsibility," said a former
schoolteacher.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Parekh
and Deepa, another live-in-relation couple initially faced opposition from his
sons, who live in the same city. "Gradually, they realized I needed
someone to take care of me and came around, as did hers," he said. My
children live in North America and she said life with Parekh is comfortable and
easy. "You need a support structure in your old age and I have it now. I
don't mind taking care of him in return," she said.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Those
aren't their real names.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><strong> </strong><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Relationship counsellor Hema Yadav-Kadam thinks that many senior citizens and their children
are confused about what constitutes a live-in relationship. "Fear of
losing out on their inheritance, having a new contender in their parent's will
and the inability to deal with the social disapproval -- that is inevitable and
common -- is what makes most children oppose (a new relationship)," said
Hema.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><strong> </strong><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It
is widely believed that a live-in arrangement is ideal for older couples as it
gives them a sense of independence within the relationship and avoids the paperwork
and legal complexities of marriage. But its legal implications are not clear.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">While
there is no particular law regarding the status of live-in relationships in
India, in 2015 India's Supreme Court ruled that living together out of wedlock
was an acceptable custom in Indian society. But the social stigma remains and,
in some cases, is perpetuated by adult children who fear their parents will be
ostracized by their communities, and worry over complicating inheritance
issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As such, live-in relationships have always
been the focus of debates as it possesses threats to our basic societal
framework. As of now, there is no legislation or statute that specifically
governs matters related to succession, maintenance, guardianship in regards to
live-in relationships. However, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act, 2005 legislature has acknowledged the right of partners living in a
live-in relationship to get protection; but it is not so easy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">There
can’t be anything more important than protecting the life and liberty of an
individual, when weighed against social norms that may threaten these basic
constitutional rights. And yet, our judges often refuse to protect couples in
live-in relationships when they approach courts against threats from their
families and others. Many judges believe they are duty-bound to uphold social
values and customs and leave the couples to fend for themselves, often in the
face of grave danger, as noted by Robin David of the Times of India in an
article: ‘The Right To Live-In Relationships: High courts are placing
so-called social norms above individual choices despite a key SC ruling”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="gmail-storypara14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">The Supreme Court
in an order when it told the Police Officers in Punjab’s Taran Taran
district to protect a live-in-relation couple whose plea for protection was
turned down by the Punjab and Haryana High Court. The HC has rejected the plea
because it found live-in-relationships “morally and socially not acceptable”.
Sc disagreed and ordered: “Needless to state that since it concerns life and
liberty, the SSP</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> (Senior Superintendent of Police)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> is required to act expeditiously in accordance
with law including the grant of any protection to the petitioners in view of
apprehensions/treats.” <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">The message was clear
and loud: you may frown upon live-in relationships, but you can’t refuse such
couples protection. The right to life and liberty takes precedence over social
norms in such cases, as noted by experts.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The concept of
live-in relationship is not something that has been accepted with open arms in
Indian society. However, live-in relationships are not illegal in India. The
Supreme Court in its judgments has made it clear that live-in relations are not
illegal and do not constitute an offense. The Apex Court has held that two
consenting adults can live together without marriage. Live-in relationships are
included under the ambit of the Domestic Violence Act 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In
conclusion, the foregoing discussion reveals that loneliness increases with
age, and it is greater in men than in women. It is argued that there must
be a separate statute dealing with this current issue so that the rights of
living partners, children born out of such relationships and all those people
who are likely to get affected by such relationships should be protected. At
the same time, there should also be awareness among live-in partners regarding
the legal consequences arising out of such living arrangements.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><strong><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;">I would like to conclude in the words of an organization-</span></span></strong><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Silver
Talkies - which is working with seniors to find companionship in the silver
years in India: <strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;"> “In an era of
hyper-connectedness, India’s ageing population is struggling with loneliness
and becoming increasingly disconnected from its environment.” </span> </strong></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[7]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
</p><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> An article by News18: ‘A Dating Agency for Seniors is Helping Elderly
Indian Couples Find Love Again’. Read more at: https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/a-dating-agency-for-seniors-is-helping-elderly-indian-couples-find-love-again-2703349.html<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Yang Keming and
Christina Victor. ‘Age and loneliness in 25 European nations’, Aging &
Society 31 (8), pp. 1368-1388, Cambridge University
Press </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">(09 February
2011).</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> Read more at:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/abs/age-and-loneliness-in-25-european-nations/CB2D91D8793AA3522286EAD7203FA492</span></p></div><div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">To get in touch with Silver Talkies, contact at: </span><a href="mailto:mail@silvertalkies.com" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">mail@silvertalkies.com</span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">.</span></p></div><div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Chakraborty, Reshmi. (2019):
‘Are Live-In Relationships For Older Couples A Solution To Loneliness? (on May
2)’ Silver Talkies. Read more at: </span><a href="https://silvertalkies.com/live-relationships-older-couples-solution-loneliness/" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://silvertalkies.com/live-relationships-older-couples-solution-loneliness/</span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Also, refer News18 article at:</span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> at: </span><a href="https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/a-dating-agency-for-seniors-is-helping-elderly-indian-couples-find-love-again-2703349.html" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/a-dating-agency-for-seniors-is-helping-elderly-indian-couples-find-love-again-2703349.html</span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></p></div><div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Read more at: </span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/On-the-bounce/the-right-to-live-in-relationships-high-courts-are-placing-so-called-social-norms-above-individual-choices-despite-a-key-sc-ruling/" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-IN">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/On-the-bounce/the-right-to-live-in-relationships-high-courts-are-placing-so-called-social-norms-above-individual-choices-despite-a-key-sc-ruling/</span></a></p></div><div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Landmark Judgments- Live-In Relationship: SC’s Judgments Concerning The
Legal Standing Of Live-In Relationships, 10 June 2021. Read more at: </span><a href="https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/landmark-judgments-live-in-relationship-sc-s-judgments-concerning-the-legal-standing-of-live-in-relationships-14068.asp" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;">https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/landmark-judgments-live-in-relationship-sc-s-judgments-concerning-the-legal-standing-of-live-in-relationships-14068.asp</span></a></p></div><div id="ftn6">
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Final%20working%20Post%20133.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">https://silvertalkies.com/a-companion-for-the-silver-years/</span></p></div><div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></p>
</div>
</div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
</div>
</div>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-29146871962005010542021-08-31T09:27:00.009-07:002021-09-29T09:05:43.715-07:00Are seniors in India struggling with loneliness?<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr. Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">“In an era of
hyper-connectedness, India’s ageing population is struggling with loneliness
and becoming increasingly disconnected from its environment. But, there are
ways of coping and help is Nishi available.”</span></strong><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">To be concluded.....</span></strong></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-51587102597406652512021-07-31T09:46:00.026-07:002021-08-01T08:08:34.258-07:00UP Population Control Bill 2021: Is it part of a hidden agenda?<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Devendra Kothari PhD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The issue of
population control has become a topic of hot debate after the most populous state
of Uttar Pradesh (UP) announced a draft Population Control Bill 2021 on the
World Population Day 2021. BJP ruled Assam has already passed a resolution in
the State Assembly regarding the same, and have introduced measures
discouraging people to have more than two children. Thus, the Governments of
Uttar Pradesh and Assam are pushing for the two-child norm (TCN) population
policy despite scant evidence that it works. Is there any hidden agenda? The paper stresses that India has to stop looking at the issue of
population from a religious angle. The
issue is more about availability of quality services; gender equity and human
development since an overwhelming majority of Indians do not want more children.</span></span></i></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Some 45 years ago, in the late seventies, India
embarked on an ambitious population control programme to curb the increasing
population pressure on the nation. It was the brainchild of the then PM Indira
Gandhi, and her son, Sanjay Gandhi, who oversaw the execution. But its
implementation was flawed, so Indians did not support the most pertinent, sensible, and timely population control
programme.<span style="background: rgb(252, 252, 252);"> Since then population
control in India has always been a political rather than a social-economical issue.
O</span>ur political leaders rig out
the population issue whenever they see some political advantages, especially in
terms of electoral gains or vote bank politics, and then keep mum. The latest
example is the ‘Uttar Pradesh Population (Control, Stabilisation and Welfare)
Bill, 2021, which was unveiled by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath just ahead of the Assembly elections to be held in early 2022.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Salient
points of the Bill:</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Uttar Pradesh (UP), the most populous state of
India, is currently home to 17.1 per cent of the country’s population. The
state also holds the top position in high population growth rate in India. It
is witnessing an annual growth of around two per cent in its population which
is very high as compared to the national average of around one per cent. The
total population of the state was 8.8 crores in 1971. It increased to 11.1
crores in 1981 and then reported to be 19.9 crores in 2011. The estimated population
of the state in 2021 was 24.1 crore, as per Office of the Registrar General and
Census Commissioner, India.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background: white;">The Bill target is
to bring the total fertility rate to 2.1 per woman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> by 2026 and to 1.9 by 2030. </span>To
achieve the target, the policy proposes that people having more than
two children in the state should not be granted any special benefits and should
be barred from using official concessions.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It means any
couple who follows the policy would receive perks from the State. These
incentives are linked to the government schemes, government jobs, promotions
and welfare measures etc. which would be a driving force for those who wish to
avail the benefits from the government. “We have proposed that any
couple that follows the two-child policy will be given all government
benefits,” said State’s Law Commission Chairman Aditya Nath Mittal. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“If somebody
doesn’t follow this policy, they won’t be eligible for such schemes. Their
ration card will be restricted to four units. They will not be able to apply
for Government jobs and if they are already Government employees, then they
won’t get a promotion,” Mittal added.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Meanwhile listing out benefits for public servants who adopt the
two-child policy, the draft Bill said, “Public servants who adopt the two-child
norm will get two additional increments during the entire service, maternity or
as the case may be, paternity leave of 12 months, with full salary and
allowances and three per cent increase in the employer’s contribution fund
under national pension scheme.” There are also provisions to provide exemptions
in water, electricity, house tax, home loan, and other such facilities to
couples with two children who are not in Government jobs.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In short,
the draft Bill proposes a bunch of monetary incentives to be conferred to the
people of the state in lieu of the two-child norm. It is stressed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that the adherence to the policy will be a
voluntary exercise and it will not make distinctions based on caste, creed and
economic class. In that sense, the proposed policy is sensible one. <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">It has, however, racked up a political debate
regarding demography not in the state but also in the country too. It is a well
planned strategy by the BJP government at the Centre to use it to draft a
national policy on population control.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In past, some states have adopted the concept of
Two-child Norm to control the surging population. <span style="background: white;">In general, however, they have failed in bringing down the
fertility or population growth rates as desired. However, there is evidence
that such measures could lead to negative consequences such as increases in sex
selective practices and unsafe abortions, especially given the strong
son-preference in the country. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Based on an extensive analysis, the
author came to the conclusion that any policy based on the incentives and
disincentives could not have any positive effective impact on fertility
unless they are backed by quality family planning services.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For example, Madhya Pradesh aimed at achieving the replacement level fertility
of 2.1 children per woman by 2011 but it was far from the targeted goal – it
recorded TFR of 3.1 in 2011. Same can be said about other states except
Andhra Pradesh (Table 1, Col. 6).</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 1
Trends in decadal population growth (%) and number of children/woman (in
parentheses), some selected states of India</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">State/Year<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1981<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1991<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2011<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2017 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bihar <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">24.16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(5.7)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">23.38<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">28.62<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">25.07<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.6)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Madhya Pradesh <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">27.16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(5.20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">27.27<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.6)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">24.34<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.0)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">20.23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.1)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(2.7)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Rajasthan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">32.97<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(5.2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">28.44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.6)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">28.33<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.1)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">21.40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.0)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(2.7)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Uttar Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">25.39<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(5.8)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">25.55<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(5.1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">25.86<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.7)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">20.10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.4)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">India <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">24.66<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(4.5)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">23.86<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.6)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">21.54<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.2)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">17.64<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2.4)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(2.2)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Andhra Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">23.10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4.0)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">24.20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.0)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">13.86<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2.3)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11.10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(1.8)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(1.7)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">23.79<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.6)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">21.12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">17.25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2.4)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">15.70<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(1.9)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(1.7)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kerala<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">19.24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2.8)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">14.32<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(1.8)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">09.42<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(1.8)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">04.90<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(1.8)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(1.8)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tamil Nadu <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">17.50<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3.4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">15.39<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2.2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11.19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2.0)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.95pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">15.50<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(1.7)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.7pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(1.6)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="6" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 478.8pt;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Source:</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">
Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home
Affairs, Government of India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/4TABLE21E801E5C71B464B9BDA2543C8D7F207.PDF</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Way
forward:<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Do Indians want more children? </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The current
population growth in India is mainly fueled by unwanted/unplanned
fertility. The National Family Health Surveys (NFHSs) <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> provide </span><span style="background: white; font-weight: normal;">estimates of the total or actual
fertility and wanted fertility rates.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Based
on these and other data, it is estimated that around five in ten live births
are unintended or simply unwanted by the women who experienced them, and such births<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trigger continued high population growth. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Around 24 million children were born in India
in 2020, and out of this about 13 million births could be classified as
unwanted. It is estimated that around 480 million people out of the
total population of 1,400 million in 2021 were the result of unplanned
pregnancies.</span></span> </h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">With such a large number of people resulting from
unwanted pregnancies, how can one think about using them for nation
building? The consequences of unwanted pregnancy are being
reflected in widespread malnutrition, poor health, low quality of education,
and increasing scarcity of basic resources like food, water and space. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">While India’s population continues
to grow by 15-16 million people annually, around five<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>million women in the reproductive ages,
especially those in the lower economic strata including Muslims wish to
postpone childbearing, space births or stop having children; however, they are
not using modern contraceptives. This is also known as the ‘unmet need’ for
contraception.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Often, these women travel
far from their communities to reach a health facility, only to return
home <b>‘empty handed’</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>due
to shortages, stock outs, lack of desired contraception and/or non availability
of doctors and paramedical staff. When women are thus turned away, they are
unable to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections. This type of incomplete control over the reproductive process leads
to relatively high levels of unwanted childbearing and reduces the prospects
for an early onset of the population stabilisation process, and that is really
happening in the Hindi speaking states, including Bihar, Madhya Pradrsh,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IN">The biggest
obstacle to population control is the non-fulfilment of the demand for family
planning services. Despite poverty and illiteracy, modern family planning
services are in demand among Muslims as well, but they are as inadequate as
other communities. Measures need to be taken to fulfill it and not talk of
animosity. Instead of stopping the growth of population by enacting laws, only
easy availability of the quality family planning services can give better
success. Further, the problem of population explosion should not be seen as a
'Hindu vs Muslim' problem, but as a problem common to both the communities and
should be taken seriously. The policy makers have </span>to understand that the situation has
changed dramatically in the last three decades, and there is no need to
implement coercive methods or laws to control the population. The number of
Indian women, including Muslims, wanting to have another baby is falling fast,
as per the NFHS-4 (2015-16). Only 24 per cent of married women aged between 15
and 49 years wanted a second child.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Incidents of unplanned pregnancies can be
dramatically reduced, if not eliminated, within the next five years by simply
providing reproductive services as per the needs of clients, as had been done
in Andhra Pradesh during the nineties by using strategies like Vikalp. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
Andhra—with little outside help—could manage its population growth under
relatively low literacy (Literacy Rate of Andhra in 2011 was 67.7 per cent
compared to 69.7 per cent in UP), there is no reason why other states,
especially, Four Large North Indian (FLNI) States of Bihar, MP, Rajasthan and
UP—with lesser problems and increasingly generous support from the
Centre—should fail so spectacularly in managing unwanted fertility. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A user
friendly service delivery system can help address the causes that lie at the
root of unwanted fertility. At the same time, investment in human
development has to be increased to push the process of human capital formation.
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Encouraging women’ paid employment could be a miracle step as has been seen in
Bangladesh.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #222222;">In
conclusion, India has to make the issue of population stabilization a
non-political one.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #222222;"> The
country has to find a way of talking about religious demography that is
judicious and logical so that the debate on the subject can take place without
any fuss, outrage and annoyance. If the economy is to be allowed to grow
uninterrupted, the issue of Hindu-Muslim population must be thoroughly but
seriously discussed while fighting the rumour and hate-mongers. This is
necessary because apparently Indian Muslims want to be part of the mainstream
of the Indian culture, as noted in the Foreword written by the author for the
book: The Population Myth by S.Y. Quraishi .<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #222222; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">In sum, not only
Uttar Pradesh and Assam but other states with high fertility need an effective
people centric population control policy. For this, the draft Uttar Pradesh
population control bills must be redrafted in the light of above discussion.
The revised draft must emphasise on the provision of quality family planning
services looking to the needs of clients. Here the concept of ‘Vikalp’ could be
handy. Also, the revised bill<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>must
discuss the measures to be adopted in order to create job opportunities for
women. Such a population control strategy/bill could be a role model for the
country as a whole. India has to recognise that p</span>opulation growth is a choice, not an
inexorable force of nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Refer newspaper article: UP
law panel proposes 'two-child' population policy. All you need to know. Read
more at:
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-law-panel-proposes-two-child-population-policy-all-you-need-to-know-101625905036415.html</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Visaria Leela, Akash Acharya, Francis Raj (2006):
‘Two-Child Norm Victimising the Vulnerable?’, Economic and Political Weekly,
Vol 42, (24), January 7, pp 41-48.</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></p></div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-IN">Kothari, Devendra (2013):<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The National Family Health Survey is a
survey carried out on a massive scale across the country to collect information
on many parameters with special reference to reproductive health which helps
MOHFW, GOI to frame policies and programmes. The first round of the NFHS was
conducted in 1992-92. Subsequently, four other rounds have taken place, the
latest being NFHS 5 that started in 2018-19, however, is stalled currently amid
the COVID-19. </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> <span style="background: white;">Kothari, Devendra (2014): “</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Managing Unwanted Fertility in India:
Way Forward” in Suresh Sharma and William Joe. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">
(eds.) <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>National
Rural Health Mission: An Unfinished Agenda,</i></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">pp
</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">25-36,<i> </i>Bookwell, New Delhi.</span></p></div><div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="mso-hyphenate: none; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: -36.0pt 49.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">
</span><i style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Vikalp</i><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">’ is an alternative, client-based
decentralized strategy developed by the author which provides a comprehensive
framework to implement the Family Planning Programme looking to the needs of
women/clients. </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">The strategic focus is on
segmentation of the clients based on the current unmet need, followed by
fulfillment of the identified needs through improved service delivery. The
strategy aimed at convergence and optimum use of resources as targeting and
providing services in response to the identified needs of clients rather than
targeting the entire pool of clients in the reproductive ages. For details,
see: Kothari, Devendra et al. (1997): ‘Vikalp: Managing Family Planning
Programme in the Post-ICPD Era’, Occasional Paper No. 2, Indian Institute of
Health Management Research.</span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></p></div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="mso-hyphenate: none; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: -36.0pt 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN"> Kothari,
Devendra, Sudha Tewari (2009): “Slowing Population Growth in India: Challenges,
Opportunities and the Way Forward”. MIPD Policy Brief No. 2, Management
Institute of Population and Development, Parivar Seva Sanstha, New Delhi.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">Kothari, Devendra (2019): Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New Delhi: Paragoan International
Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Kothari,
Devendra (2020): ‘Empowering Women in India: A Viewpoint’, Productivity
(National Productivity Council), Vol 61(2), pp 115-24. <span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%202021/Post%20130,%20do%20indians%20....docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-IN">Quraishi Y.S. (2021): </span><i><span style="background: white;">The
Population Myth,</span></i><span lang="EN-IN"> HarperCollins</span><span style="background: white;">, New Delhi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><br /><p></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-37073326555706785372021-06-30T07:30:00.007-07:002021-08-02T02:56:45.028-07:00 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and India<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr. Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“For India, the Fourth Industrial Revolution brings
tremendous opportunities to leapfrog many stages of development, hastening its
journey towards becoming a developed economy.”</span></span></p><p align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><i style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Pranjal Sharma</span></i><i style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Kranti Nation: India and The Fourth Industrial Revolution </span></i><span style="font-family: verdana; text-align: right;"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The world stands on the brink of a technological
revolution known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR) that will fundamentally
alter the way we live, work, and relate to one another. In its scale, scope,
and complexity, the transformation will be unlike anything humankind has
experienced before, as per the World Economic Forum (WEF).</span> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The First Industrial Revolution used water and steam
power to mechanize production. The Second used electric power to create mass
production. The Third used electronics and information technology to automate
production. Now a Fourth Industrial Revolution is building on the Third, the
digital revolution that has been occurring since the middle of the last
century. It is characterized by “a fusion of technologies that is blurring the
lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres,”</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> as per Klaus Martin Schwab</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> the founder and executive chairman of
the World Economic Forum.</span><span style="color: black;"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">When
compared with previous industrial revolutions, the Fourth is evolving at an
exponential rather than a linear pace. Moreover, it is ‘interrupting’ almost
every industry in every country. And the breadth and depth of these changes
herald the transformation of entire systems of production, management, and
governance. As AI and </span><span style="color: black;">robots become
more sophisticated they will increasingly replace humans at their jobs. There
are several projections for job losses owing to factors such as automation and
consolidation in the market. As per the one estimate one in four job losses in
India will happen on account of automation. And that has already started. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: black;">In</span></i><span style="color: black;"> many ways, companies in India are
ensuring their survival by adopting new technologies. “Those who adopt faster
and better will be more competitive than others, and definitely in a better
position to compete with global entrants. Their survival comes at the cost of
jobs. But these can be countered by rescaling, and by creating new
opportunities.” <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Is
India ready to follow the dictates of the Fourth Industrial Revolution? <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">India doesn’t </span>lack talent or entrepreneurship but it
lacks an ecosystem. Work in science and innovation is relatively
abysmal because there's been a legacy of poor policy to develop scientific
temper. Moreover, a series of sensational claims, including that ancient Hindu
sages were the pioneers of aviation, internet, plastic surgery and
algebra, have triggered a furious debate in Indian academic circles amid
warnings that nationalist breast-beating could undermine the country’s
burgeoning scientific reputation. Also, it may spread andhvishwas/superstition
thus harming the development of scientific temper.</span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The
Fourth Industrial Revolution is based on digital technology involving AI,
3D-printing, advanced robotics and neuroscience. The state of the
internet in India, however, is very poor. Some estimates say that less than
half of India’s 1400 million people have internet access. But without reliable
connectivity the use of the internet is very limited and irritating. It means
the digital technology in India faces many challenges. Some of these challenges
are: 1. the daily internet speed, as well as the Wi-Fi hotspots, are slow as
compared to other developed countries, 2. most of the small and medium scale
industry has to struggle a lot to adapt to the new modern technology; 3.
limited capability of entry-level smart phones for smooth internet access, 4.
lack of skilled manpower in the field of digital technology, and 5. growing
menace of digital crime.</span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">But
the future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution depends upon availability of
reliable and universal internet. As we expand internet infrastructure, including
in public institutions such as schools, the data also alerts us to the need for
finding ways to ensure that existing inequalities do not get multiplied in the
process. The state of Bihar is the worst performer in this metric, with only
43.6 per cent of men ever having used the internet, but at 20.6 per cent women
are much further behind. In the more prosperous Karnataka state, home of
India’s IT capital – Bangalore, with only 62.4 per cent of men and 35 per cent
of women ever having used the internet, the overall access is better but the
gender divide is still entrenched, as per the National Family Health Survey
2020. In short, the internet accessibility and use in the country largely
varied based on factors like gender and socio-economic divide. This digital gap
only increased further in the rural hinterlands compared to urban metros.
In addition, a majority of India’s digital population accessed the internet via
their mobile phones. An increased availability of cheap data plans along with
various government initiatives under the Digital India mission worked together
to make mobile the primary internet access in the country. It is mostly used
for social networking.</span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">During the
lockdown, we have seen the power of digital technology not only in running the
business but also in imparting education. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">While
addressing the 40th annual general meeting of Infosys on June 19, 2021, Nandan
Nilekani said the hybrid workforce model will be the new normal
and the dramatic shift to living and working online has altered the business
landscape in irrevocable ways. The Infosys co-founder added that unprecedented
technology transformation driven by cloud and digitalisation of business models
will shape the new normal.</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
As such, India has to increase the internet penetration. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">However, </span>frequent power breakdown
coupled with poor quality of apps demotivate users. For example, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">the income-tax department launched a new e-filing
portal on June 7, 2021, hard-selling it as a game changer. Results have been
disappointing, with frustrated users taking to social media to give vent to
their feelings. Given that e-filing has been around for a while, the messy
transition to a new portal is inexcusable.</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">An information technology powerhouse that is India needs
to do much better. T</span><span style="color: black;">here is an urgent need to resolve issues like
poor internet
connectivity, power cuts, and, of course, a spike in
app usage on mobile phones. In addition to the availability of reliable digital
technology, the Indian entrepreneurs/ manufactures have to change their ‘causal’
or 'chalta hai’ ('It's okay', 'Let it be') mentality if we want to take
advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution early. For example, in general
the manufactured product doesn’t follow the set protocol. Why is Covexin not
approved by WHO is a question that is being asked by many people? Covexin, the
vaccine that is developed by Bharat Biotech, Hyderabad, has been facing a
certain amount of scrutiny. Covexin is yet to receive approval from WHO, which
requires the manufacturer to provide documentation that the UN agency needs in
order to validate the manufacturer’s claims.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Are we
really a <i>Chalta Hai </i>nation? Is <i>Chalta Hai</i> ingrained
in our DNA or is it just a bad habit which can be easily exterminated? Will
this attitude stop India from becoming a global power? Alpesh Patel (2018) </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: black;"> delves into this quirky
Indian approach and answers these questions by examining the country's pace of
progress in fields such as science, education, infrastructure, films and sports
since Independence. Interesting facts and unsettling inferences force the
reader to introspect and awaken him to the need for an urgent action.</span> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">The following pages
discuss suggestions on how to get rid of the <i>Chalta Hai</i> attitude
and take India closer to the dream of becoming an empowered economy through the
Fourth Industrial Revolution. We have to recognise that India could not take
the full advantages of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>first three
industrial revolutions.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">Firstly, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">talent, intelligence and skill among people make
a nation. Today the talent emerges from a narrow base of about 150-200 million
people. The rest 1200 million population is nowhere in the picture since they
are not properly trained or educated as per the requirement. This must change.
A good quality of the Computer Literacy learning should be a compulsory part of
the Indian school curriculum. This will develop literacy in coding which
underpins the ability to create technology. At the same time it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>provides a base for the research and
reasoning. The focus of information literacy education being the development of
students' abilities to construct, collect and analyse information in a way that
provides the basis for effective decision making.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As such, </span></span><span style="color: black;">India needs to re-look at its education system and
incorporate a more practical fact driven system based on ICT.<span style="background: white; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> We have enough people to invest
in. It’s the investment that’s lacking. Shockingly, there are still too few
institutions of excellence and getting into ‘good’ Indian colleges is often
harder than getting into US universities. “No country has gone up the wealth
ladder without widespread availability of both good public education and
regular, skilled employment. Brain drain is not our problem, brain waste is,”
noted by the TOI Editorial. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Secondly, the
current state of quality of Research & Development (R&D) in India is
abysmal or inadequate, though a special attention has been made in recent years
to focus on innovations through measures like start-ups. India has been
investing a very small amount in R & R&D. For the last 20 years R&D
spending in India as a share of GDP oscillated between 0.8% and 0.9%, and more
than 70 per cent of funding came from the government alone. However, in the
past few years there has been increasing spending by the private sector. The
bulk of such investment has come from multinational companies that have
discovered India as a very cost-effective location for R&D. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The Indian private
sector, with its dynamism, has no choice but to invest a reasonable proportion
of its profits in R&D. According to Reuters, Huawei,
China’s largest telecommunications equipment and Smartphone maker, spent $13.23
billion on R&D in 2018, a whopping 14.9 per cent of its total revenue. The
world’s top R&D spenders, Amazon and Alphabet, the two biggest spenders on
R&D in the US respectively, spent $22.6 billion and $16.6 billion in 2018.
Can we name any Indian company investing in R&D in this way and on this
scale? No. The big Indian business houses simply prefer to remain in the
“service” field, without taking the risk of investing in any long-term vision.
As a result, during “the next 10 or 20 years, China and Western companies will
remain the leaders while India will have to buy their technologies, even
defence equipment, with all the risks involved.” </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The situation
has not improved in the last five years. According to the forecast for
2021, China will be the leading country worldwide in terms of spending on
research and development, with R&D expenditure exceeding 621 billion U.S.
dollars. The United States is expected to invest about 599 billion U.S. dollars
into R&D while India would like to invest 93 billion U.S. dollars, closely
followed by South Korea – that is 91 billion U.S. dollars, as
per the Statista.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Lastly, the
contribution of NRIs could be immense. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">The
Indian diaspora, one of the most “vibrant and dynamic”, is the largest in the
world, with 18 million people from the country living outside their homeland in
2020, as per the report released by United Nations. </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Other countries with a large diaspora included Mexico and Russia (11
million each) and China (10 million). Most of them who migrate to developed
countries like the USA are highly qualified and talented. </span><span style="color: black;">Indian-origin
CEOs are ruling the world especially those serving in the technology industry
with the biggest examples being Google and Microsoft, the two giants in the
market who are shaping the world. It's not just the technology industries which
are being headed by India-origin people but even companies who are big aces in
the property, banking and retail sectors are being headed by Indian-origin
people.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">This
can be referred to as a Brain Drain. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s
dictionary defines brain drain as: “Movement of highly skilled and qualified
people to a country where they can work in better conditions and earn more
money”. Among the Asian countries, India continued its trend of being the top
country of birth for immigrant scientists and engineers, with 9, 50,000 out of
Asia’s total 2.96 million in 2020, as per the Asian Development Bank.</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Admittedly,
brain drain from India cannot be curbed fully. However, with modern
technologies arriving in India, incentives offered to start own enterprises and
start-up companies, highly skilled Indian professionals may find it lucrative
to work here rather than migrate. Investor friendly policies adopted by the
government will most likely see skilled Indians launching their own start-up
ventures that can compete with their foreign rivals. Further, India needs a
collaborative effort. It will have to create a long term ecosystem that trains
and educates professionals. India could collaborate with the US, Germany, and
the EU. The central government can consider a joint platform between
ministries, state governments and industry bodies to create a mission for
making the most of the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In conclusion,
science and technology will be central to a strong and prosperous India. The
paper argues that India has to take some immediate measures in promoting new
technology relevant to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The major focus must
be on AI, genome technology, nanotechnology and quantum computing among others.
For this, India must facilitate the establishment of autonomous academic
centres of excellence on the lines of original IITs in collaboration with
countries like the USA, Japan and Germany among others. The selection of faculty and students must be
on merits. For this, India must use its vast diaspora.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The solutions,
as suggested above, are neither easy nor quick. But one has to do it for the
success of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in India. It requires
determination. It is because innovation does not happen by chance or in a
vacuum. Innovation cannot be legislated; it takes deliberate policy actions,
enablers, positive incentives and entrepreneurship to make it happen. Hope our
policy makers will follow the dictate?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #365f91; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal;">Schwab, klaus. 2020. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means,
how to respond,</span> the World Economic Forum, Geneva. Refer at:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/</span> </span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #365f91; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">Sharma, Pranjal. 2017. </span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-weight: normal;">Kranti Nation: India and the Fourth Industrial
Revolution,</span><span style="background: white; color: #0f1111; font-weight: normal;">
Macmillan, New Delhi</span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: #0f1111;">Patel, Alpesh. 2018. Chalta Hai India: When
‘It’s Ok!’ is Not Ok. </span><span style="background: white; color: #0f1111;">Bloomsbury India</span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: #1a1a1a; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Refer
TOI editorial at: </span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/resident-indians-emigration-may-be-going-up-thats-not-a-problem-the-problem-is-lack-of-investment-in-people-here/"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/resident-indians-emigration-may-be-going-up-thats-not-a-problem-the-problem-is-lack-of-investment-in-people-here/</span></a><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Refer article -
R&D key to India’s status at:</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/r-d-key-to-india---s-status.html </span></span></h2>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Technology%20chapter/Post%20final%20128.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">United Nations. 2021. ‘International Migration
2020 Highlights', Population Division of UN, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, New York. Refer at: </span><a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migration-2020-highlightsat"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migration-2020-highlightsat</span></a><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">:
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><br /><p></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-53944098448327055322021-05-26T00:30:00.000-07:002021-05-26T00:30:06.698-07:00'Corona Mukt (free) Bharat’ by the end of 2021<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr. Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background: #FCFCFC; color: windowtext; letter-spacing: .25pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background: #FCFCFC; color: windowtext; letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The New Year is a great time to give
up anything that’s holding you back; unpacking a little emotional baggage is a
great way to celebrate it. The Covid-19 pandemic has affected our lives, and
how we live them. Everyday decisions have suddenly become harder to make.
Further, the uncertain and unexpected evokes pronounced fear and stress.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">So when the Union Health
Minister said that India would be in a position to vaccinate at least all of
its adult population by the end of 2021, <br />
it was a great sign of relief for everyone; however, he could not elaborate as
to how India is going to achieve it.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India is in desperate need of expert disaster management to
achieve this target. Currently, the corona management is considered as an
administrative problem. Further, pandemic is a Central government responsibility<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>under National Disaster Management Act since
March 2020, and it comes under the jurisdiction of Home Ministry, though the
Ministry is not related to the management of the pandemic even remotely. </span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> As a result,
we are not able to plan properly. For example, l</span><span style="color: windowtext;">ess
than three months to its July 2021 vaccination deadline India has only reached
25% of its target. Due to the shortage in the vaccine, inoculation dropped from
35 lakh each day in the first week of April to 21 lakh in the last week of
April. In May the daily average dropped further to 16 lakh doses being
administered per day.</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: windowtext;">That’s
why it’s important to sit down, set a goal, and put a plan in place to start
crushing the goal. And, this requires professional inputs.<span style="background: #FCFCFC; letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="block" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India has to achieve ‘Corona-Mukt Bharat’ for its endurance
before the end of the year. For this, India has to vaccinate the entire
population aged 5 to 64? It is feasible, manageable and essential for the
survival of India.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="block" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="block" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The article suggests a mechanism to achieve it. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In mid-March, 2021, India
believed that the worst of Covid-19 was already behind; and the focus had
largely shifted from containment to vaccinations. And the world was looking up
to India's production capacity for a steady supply, especially to the poorer
countries. By mid-March, India had exported over twice the number of doses it
had administered at home. But then the story changed suddenly. The daily
infection rate that was on a steady decline took a reverse turn, almost with a
vengeance. And the country found itself in the devastating second wave.</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Every day since April 25, India has had more than 40 per cent
of the global coronavirus cases. On some days it has crossed the 50 per cent
mark. India also reported more than 30 per cent of the total global Covid
deaths. These are only the reported official cases and deaths. Many experts say
the real numbers are much –much higher.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Experts are a little
uncertain about why there’s been a surge in coronavirus cases, as there hasn’t
been one answer to explain the spike. It’s happened so fast that there hasn’t
been a chance for massive research.</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="articlebody-text" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A variant of
SARS-CoV-2 known as B.1.617 is widely suspected to have played a big part in
the disastrous spread of covid-19 across India in recent months, as
per the WHO.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
In addition, it has been pushed by certain man-made decisions/actions and over
confidence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">The government took little steps to build India’s health
infrastructure after the first wave, declared a false </span>victory over
the virus, celebrated Kumbh and went ahead with election
rallies when the disease was spreading fast. <span style="background: #F9F9F9;">In
short, the laxity in preventive measures, coupled with the presence of new
variants, has resulted in a nationwide crisis. </span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">The second wave of Covid-19
pandemic has hit India’s nascent economic recovery. Till now, there is no
official estimate of its impact on the economy. Private forecasters have,
however, made assessments of the damage caused by the second wave, which is
still unfolding. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">It may take years to reach pre-pandemic
levels.</span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">Also, the national health and
education systems have buckled under the strain of Covid-19’s second wave.</span><span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"> Many
states are reporting shortages of hospital beds, oxygen supply, medicines, even
space in morgues. Further, t</span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">he prolonged closure of
schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India may cause a loss of over billions
of dollars in the country's future earnings, besides substantial learning
losses, according to a World Bank report. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span> </h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(250, 249, 247); text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Available
data indicate that the young and economically active populace is getting more
infected in the new wave. <span style="background: #F9F9F9;">“Children are
definitely more symptomatic now than what we saw in the first wave,” said
Tanu Singhal, a paediatrician and infectious disease specialist at Mumbai’s
Ambani Hospital. So India has to FOCUS on a young and economically active
population.</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(250, 249, 247); text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What
should India be doing? Here the concept of herd immunity could help. Herd
immunity occurs when a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes
immune to a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person
unlikely. As a result, the whole community becomes protected —not just those
who are immune. For this many people are vaccinated against the disease
to achieve immunity. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(250, 249, 247); text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr.
Francis Collins, Director of the National Institute of Health, USA, recently
said that “we don’t really quite know how many people need to be vaccinated
against Covid-19 to hit herd immunity, but there has been a long-standing
belief that 70% to 80% of the population needs to be vaccinated in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>order for it to happen”. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">So far, India has vaccinated
10 per cent of the total population. On the other hand, the UK and USA have
vaccinated 56 per cent and 48 per cent of their population, respectively, as on
May 20, 2021. The U.S. and UK could reach herd immunity soon, as per Dr.
Collins. . <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-c-entry-summary" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="gmail-c-byline-wrapper"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="gmail-c-entry-summary" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="gmail-c-byline-wrapper">In
order to reach the herd immunity, India has to vaccinate around 80% of its
population </span><span class="gmail-block-inner">For this, India has to cover the
entire population aged 5 to 64 that is around 112 crore on the priority basis,
this includes the working and school and college going population. For the
senior population 65+ it will be optional for a time being. However, a sizable
proportion of the senior population has already been vaccinated.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India has already
administered over 18 crore coronavirus vaccine doses by May 20, 2021, as per
MOHFW. India, therefore, needs additional 205 crore doses to fully vaccinate
the entire target population. <span class="gmail-block-inner">It means around 95
lakh doses every day between june1 to December 31, 2021. And, India has to plan
for this.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">But a severe vaccine shortage has derailed
India's vaccination drive. With a steady supply, we could have vaccinated half
the adult population by now. It is clear the current production capacity is
inadequate to meet the demand. India needs around 2.05 billion doses to fully
vaccinate the target population.</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Government of India can increase supply of vaccines by taking
certain steps: Ask vaccine manufacturing companies in the country to
manufacture the vaccine using the formula developed jointly by Bharat
Biotech and ICMR; allow all foreign vaccines to be used in the country, and the
Centre, rather than the states, should buy them; the foreign Covid vaccine
manufacturing companies should be allowed to manufacture the vaccines in India;
and provide financial and other helps to companies in India and
outside who can make vaccines in India.</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></div><p></p>
<p class="gmail-articlebody-text" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Vaccinating the entire target population in 214 days is a herculean
task. But it can be achieved with proper planning and management. <span style="background: #FDFDFD;">The reason we don’t have enough vaccines is that we
did not order them at the right time because we didn’t think we needed them. In
other words, the Government didn’t have a ‘grip’ over the problem. </span>This
is the faculty of being aware of the situation, being knowledgeable about what
resources are at hand and what may be required in the future and being
conscious of what events to anticipate, <span style="background: #FDFDFD;">writes
</span>Aakar Patel, a senior journalist<span style="background: white;"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Further, the problem of the Covid-19
pandemic cannot be approached through the Central government interventions and
guidelines alone. It needs the States to be aware of the situation, be
knowledgeable about what resources are at hand and what may be required in
future and be conscious of what events to anticipate. In a centralised system,
as has been followed so far, where decision making is often the purview of a
few people and sometimes that only of one person.</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Vaccinating the
target population on or before the end of the year will require a management
approach. For this, c<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">reation of a
national task force under an eminent e</span>pidemiologist<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> like </span>Anthony Fauci of the USA could be a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> sound move. (</span>Epidemiology aims to solve
or control health problems. It integrates experiments, risk assessment,
statistical analysis, and surveys to study disease patterns.)</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana; text-transform: uppercase;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: verdana;">At the central level, the mass vaccination
programme should be managed by a ten member National Task-Force headed by a
known epidemiologist. Other members may represent disciplines like
management, medical, economics, public administration and sociology among
others. This full-time high powered Task-Force will take all the technical and
management decisions as to how to achieve the target. The procurement and
supply of vaccines will be the responsibility of this task-force. It will be a
powerful committee reporting directly to the Prime Minister of India.</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The </span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Task-force<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> will ask states and UTs to prepare district-wise
and vaccination centre-wise plans. The move is aimed at enabling “efficient and
judicious” utilisation of available doses for smooth implementation of the
national vaccination programme.</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The programme implementation will be the
responsibility of states and union territories. They will prepare
the plans of action district wise and that will be submitted to the National
Task-force for approval and monitoring. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Also,
states and private vaccination centres will publish their vaccination calendar
on Co-Win digital platform in advance, while desisting from publishing single
day vaccination calendars.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The proposed
vaccination exercise will be regularly reviewed and monitored by the Task-Force. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the last, but very
important, all the controversial issues like farmers’ bills and CAA need to be
put aside and priority given to procure and vaccinate on a war footing. No
doubt, rapid vaccination will bring down the curve. However, it's important
that the public follows all the laid down Covid Protocol (and if not followed,
enforced by the powers that be).</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In sum, recognise that the virus has a
long-term survival plan of its own, and is still generating variants. But it
does not mean that one should stop trying to win over the virus. Vaccines may
indeed be the miracle weapon that may win this battle. So India must
focus on vaccinating the target population on or before the New Year.</span></span></p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: small;">[</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">The Economist, May 14, 2021. </span></span><span class="articleheadline"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;">How much should you worry about the “Indian variant”? at
https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?hl=en&tab=wm#inbox/FMfcgzGkXSVlxKjsmMXzFRQGbgnkkHph</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/covid-19-school-closure-may-cost-over-usd-400-billion-to-india-world-bank-2308868</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h2 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"> Read more at:</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.deseret.com/coronavirus/2021/4/26/22403505/us-covid-herd-immunity-timeline"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">https://www.deseret.com/coronavirus/2021/4/26/22403505/us-covid-herd-immunity-timeline</span></a></span> </span></h2>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20127%20April/Post%20127,%20fnal%20categories.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext;">Read more at:
https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/180521/aakar-patel-govt-needed-to-have-grip-over-covid-that-is-what-pm-lacks.html</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-26549163833989291972021-04-30T08:28:00.028-07:002021-05-28T08:36:26.722-07:00Second wave of the pandemic: Testing times for the Indian leadership<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-family: verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-family: verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-family: verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"></p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
</div>
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: black;">Since April, India has
been witnessing a surge in Covid-19 infections. This </span></i><span style="color: black;">fearsome second wave of
the covid-19 pandemic has engulfed India. With around 400,000
people now testing positive every day, it accounts for almost half the recorded
global rise in covid-19 cases. India’s official death toll has crossed 200,000
score and keeps rising by more than 3,000 a day. Yet experts insist that
India’s crisis is far bigger than even those numbers suggest. The real
caseload could be ten or even 30 times higher, and the number of deaths much
more, too, as per The Economist (April 28, 2021). Could India’s official
statistics really be so drastically understating the scale of the pandemic?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">What should be done? The government should step up the vaccination
process. Vaccination is a very important intervention. But an impact on
epidemiology can be had only after two doses and a sizable proportion are
vaccinated to give an impact. As of now, around 2 per cent has been given two
doses. But I do not think India can conduct mass vaccinations in order to
make an impact on epidemiology now under the present management
system. India has exported over 5.84 crore Covid-19 vaccines to 70 countries
against 3.48 crore it administered. Now, Indians are in dire need of vaccines</span><span style="color: black;">. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20126%20-%20Raw.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">It appears that India’s
leadership could not visualize the magnitude of the problem. <span class="gmail-dropcap"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">T</span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">he
alarming surge in Covid-19 cases in India can be blamed largely on
the Prime Minister and Home Minister, and their reckless messaging through
overcrowded, unmasked election rallies as well as the Kumbh Mela.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Sure, elections have to be held on time. But when they are being
conducted in the middle of a life-threatening pandemic, there is absolutely no
justification for crowded rallies and massive road shows. And West Bengal Chief
Minister was no exception.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Further,
Kumbh Mela contributed its own role in spreading the virus. </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Kumbh Mela</span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="text-align: start;"> is</span></span></b></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> a
major </span>festival
in Hinduism. The festival is marked by a ritual dip in the waters, but it
is also a celebration of community commerce with numerous fairs, education,
religious discourses by saints, mass feedings of monks or the poor, and
entertainment spectacle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">At Kumbh Mela, held in Haridwar in April, 2021,
many shun masks & distancing, say faith will save them. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Uttarakhand Chief Minister Tirath Singh Rawat said at
the opening of Kumbh that the “flow and blessings of Ma Ganga will ensure
coronavirus doesn’t spread”. </span></span> </span> </h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">In short, it is about
the message that goes to the people. When the top leadership looks so much at
ease addressing a crowd of thousands, then their followers across the country
begin to think there is nothing to worry about, as noted by
ThePrint. </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20126%20-%20Raw.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The next post explores how to achieve Corona-free India by the end
of this year</span><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20126%20-%20Raw.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Refer India Today</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> April 28, 2021 for:</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How India's second Covid wave started, what
went wrong, and what can be done: Top virologist answers. Read more at: </span><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/india-second-covid-wave-start-went-wrong-top-virologist-answers-details-1795743-2021-04-28<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20126%20-%20Raw.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Refer article published in ThePrint (April 14, 2021): Poll rallies to
Kumbh Mela — Modi-Shah’s conscience must take a look at latest Covid surge at: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/poll-rallies-to-kumbh-mela-%E2%80%94-modi-shahs-conscience-must-take-a-look-at-latest-covid-surge/ar-BB1fD513<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><br /><p></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-38593889170283529872021-03-26T22:35:00.000-07:002021-03-26T22:35:50.001-07:00Will Muslims outnumber Hindus in India in the near future?<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">A 'Forward' written by me has been
published<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the following book: The
Population Myth: Islam, Family Planning and Politics in India by Y.S.
Quraishi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HarperCollins; 1st edition (15
February 2021).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p align="center" class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">I am reproducing the
foreword below for your reference</span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Foreword</span></b></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Population explosion is an age-old issue
in India, but it has gained traction once again after Prime Minister Narendra
Modi mentioned it in his Independence Day speech (2019). <span style="background: white;">PM Modi, known to generally celebrate India’s “</span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="FR" style="background: white; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR;">demographic dividend</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">”, expressed concern at a “<i>betahasha
jansankhya visphot</i>” (reckless population explosion) and stressed the need
for government action to control the situation. The announcement
drew mixed reactions. The Congress leader P. Chidambaram cheered it.
On the other hand, some BJP leaders sniffed in the announcement a signal of the
government’s intention to enact some kind of legislation to control the Muslim
population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The BJP and RSS leaders have
for years been blaming Muslims for the purported spurt in the country’s population
and raising the bogey of the community eventually outnumbering Hindus in the
country </span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Refer</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: “A note on the growing demographic imbalances in
the Indian subcontinent” by Dr. M.D. Srinivas, Centre for Policy Studies,
Chennai, 1999.).</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">In fact, a few politicians from the ruling
party have used the PM speech to exhort Hindu women to birth at least four
children.</span> </h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">Based on the official data, however, this narrative does not
hold water. The four National Family Health Surveys (NFHSs) have shown that
over the past 24 years, new-generation Muslim families have done a better job
at family planning, though their statistical figures still trail Hindu
families.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Let us consider some
plain facts:</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Will Muslims
outnumber Hindus in India in the near future?</span></b><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The Census 2011
data shows that since the Census 1951, the share of Hindus has dropped by 4.3
percentage points from 84.1% to 79.8% of the total population in 2011 while the
share of Muslims has risen by 4.4 percentage points from 9.8% (no Census was
conducted in the JK in 1951) to 14.2% in the corresponding period. Hindus
comprised just about 66% of the population of India before partition in 1947.
It is interesting to note that the projected figure shows a slight increase in
the share of Hindu Population in 2021 as compared to 2011: 80.3 per cent versus
79.80 per cent.</span><span style="text-indent: -5.4pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There<span style="background: white;"> is a sense of paranoia that if the
Muslim population is allowed to increase,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>it will overtake the population of Hindus in coming years. Before we
resolve the issue, let us discuss what has happened in the first decade of 21</span></span><sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="background: white;">st</span></sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="background: white;"> century.</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">population growth rate of various
religions has come down in the decade (2001-2011). Hindu population growth rate
slowed down to 16.76% from previous decade figure of 19.92% while Muslim
witness sharp fall in growth rate to 24.60% in 2001-2011 from the previous
figure of 29.52%. Such an abrupt fall in population growth rate for Muslims
didn't happen in the last 6 decades (</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Population by Religious Communities, Census</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> of India 2011).</span> </p>
<p class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According to the projected figures, the Hindu population growth rate
will go down further to 15.7% from previous decade figure of 16.8% while the
Muslim population<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may witness another
sharp fall in growth rate to 18.2% from the previous figure of 24.60% in the decade
2011-2021</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="NL">(Projected figures for the year 2021 are based on various sources
like. NFHS-4 (2015-16), Population Reference Bureau and United National
Population Division.)</span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One can notice difference between Hindu and Muslim population is
narrowing fast. I believe that gap will further decrease in the Census 2031.</span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">So there is no sense in saying that
Muslims will overtake Hindus, as argued by the many right wing politicians. <span style="background: white;">Minorities in India, much like in the United States,
are not really anywhere close to being dominant and the fear of any “</span></span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Muslim</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;"> </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: NL;">takeover in India</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">” was baseless, as
noted by the 2019 Economics Nobel-winner </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Abhijit Banerjee.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Why is the Muslim population growing slowly?</span></b><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> There are many factors behind this unexpected trend but two factors are
very important: Emerging middle class and declining fertility.</span></p><p class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt;">An analysis of data from the National
Family Health Surveys (1992-2016) has shown that over the past 25 years,
new-generation Muslim families have done a better job at family planning,
though their statistical figures still trail the Hindu families.</span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">In India, a small, emerging yet
visible Muslim middle class has surfaced, “breaking the perception of a
monolithic impoverished community”, as noted by<span style="mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> Ashwaq Masoodi, t</span>he Nirman Fellow at Harvard University (</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Masoodi. 2019. “Joining the India story: Rise
of the Muslim middle”, mint.)</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">. For example, the NFHS-4 shows that
even though, among all religions, the presence of Muslims in the highest wealth
quintile (top 20%) of the country is still the lowest, the share has gone up
(from 17.2% to 18.8% by 2015-16). <span style="background: white;">Even though in
mid 1990s the community realized the importance of education, as documented by
several researchers including Anwar Alam, senior fellow at the Policy
Perspectives Foundation, a Delhi-based think tank: it wasn’t a dramatic move (
Alam, Anwar, </span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“Emergence of
Muslim Middle Class in Post-Independence India and Its Political
Orientations,” <em><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs</span></em>
35, 1, 2015)</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; font-size: 11pt;">. Instead some chose hybridized education,
which meant that more and more Madrasas had to slowly modernize themselves to
include English and computer training in their curriculum influencing the
Muslim mindset.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">A widely used measure of fertility
levels is the ‘total fertility rate’, or the average number of children a woman
will have in her lifetime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span> According to the first NFHS-1 (1992-93), this figure was 4.3
children for Muslims and 3.3 children for Hindus, or a fertility gap of 30.3%
or one child per woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latest NFHS-4
data shows that this gap has narrowed to 20.5% in 2015-16, a difference of half
a birth on average per woman, even as both communities are having fewer
children than before IIPS (</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IIPS.
2017. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16: India. Mumbai: IIPS.).</span><i><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even when Muslim fertility is
declining, the fertility gap would not narrow until the Hindu fertility level
reached the replacement level. In demography, it is considered to be 2.1
children per woman. The former Director of IIPS and a known demographer P.N.
Mari Bhat had projected that Hindus will achieve replacement fertility by 2021
and a stable population by 2061; Muslims will achieve replacement fertility by
2031 and population stabilization by 2101, and will account for 18.8% of
India’s population then. Bhat’s 2011 projections are extremely close to NFHS-4
figures.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">So, what should be
the agenda? The only major religion left out of the demographic transition in
India is Islam. And this group could be helped by providing family planning
services looking to their needs, as happened in Bangladesh and Indonesia.
Muslim scholars believe that the permanent method of contraception is not
permitted in Islam. So India has to diversify its approach to include other
modern methods of contraception with quality in its programme like Bangladesh
and Indonesia.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">India</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif""> has to find a way to talk
about religious demographics as other nations do — mostly without fuss, resentment
or wild policy suggestions. It is because Indian Muslims want to be part
of the mainstream. No doubt, Muslims have higher fertility rates than
those in other religious groups. But, in India, there is no clash of
civilizations. Indian Muslims are a part of Indian culture, as argued by the
noted Islamic Scholar Mahmood Madani <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.
“This is because of both India’s culture and its historical legacy. Muslim
heritage is a part of a larger tradition of multiculturalism and mutual
tolerance.” </span> </p>
<p class="BodyA" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In spite of poverty and illiteracy, the prevailing unmet need
for modern family planning services is surprising, especially among
Muslims. As compared to Hindu women, Muslim women have high level of
unmet need for family planning services, (12 % versus 16%). It means that
Muslim women in general do not want more children, yet they have them due to
several other factors. </span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I think that the
Government of India must address this issue squarely, and the authorities have
to accept that there is a problem in the management of family planning
programme and resolve it (</span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL">Kothari, Devendra. 2014. “</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Managing Unwanted Fertility in India: Way Forward,”</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL"> in Sharma Suresh
and Joe William (eds.),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">National Rural Health Mission: An Unfinished Agenda,
New Delhi: Book Well.</span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">)</span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sound indicators are emerging that Hindu and Muslim fertility is
merging. </span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the economy is allowed to
develop unimpeded, the Hindu-Muslim population issue must be discussed
thoroughly.</span><span class="None"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;"> </span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">Rumour and hate mongers have to be faced head on.</span></span> </p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I am delighted that Dr SY Quraishi</span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL">, </span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a distinguished scholar in his own right, has taken up
this challenging task. His book does a yeoman's service to the nation by
attempting to break the long perpetuated myths which have become the fulcrum of
dangerous communal polarisation. He has done well to get two great
mathematicians to prepare a mathematical model of population growth which
conclusively demolishes the myth that Muslims would overtake the Hindus ever </span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL">–
</span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">not to say any time soon. </span></span> </p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This book is unique in many other ways too. It has a chapter which
convincingly breaks another myth that Islam is against family planning. Another
chapter on how all other religions of the world view family planning is a great
addition to public knowledge. A chapter on the success of family planning in
major Muslim countries is also eye-opening, showing that Islam is not an
obstacle to family planning programme anywhere. </span></span> </p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dr. Quraishi’s conclusion that the problem should not be viewed as ‘</span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Hindus versus Muslims’</span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> problem but as a common problem for both the communities must be taken
seriously. Finally, his bold appeal to Muslims to adopt family planning
undeterred by provocative right-wing propaganda is an extremely positive
initiative. To top it all, he has suggested a complete communication strategy
to promote family planning among the Muslims for which not only the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare but the country should feel grateful to him. I have
no hesitation to say that this is a great piece of work to promote
understanding and national harmony.</span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="NL" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-58259194957011128362021-02-28T08:35:00.005-08:002021-03-05T21:41:55.759-08:00Aatmanirbhar Bharat hinges on human capital formation <p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dr. Devendra Kothari </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Self-reliance increases self-confidence.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Current thinking about economic development has
not bettered global livelihoods. Without a solid model based on human
development, economic development models produce hit-and-miss successes.
“Economically, the lives of billions are lived out in misery and despair while
many tools of better living are readily available. At a very basic level all of
us suffer because social justice is not being achieved,….” noted by Paul
Godfrey, Director of the Melvin J. Ballard Centre of Economic Self-reliance at
Brighten Young University, Provo, UT. <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftn1" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here the concept of ‘Atmanirbhar
economy’ or ‘self-reliant economy’ could be a great help.
‘Aatmanirbharata’ (‘self-reliance’) has become a buzzword in India after Prime
Minister Narendra Modi mentioned it in his address to the Nation on May 12,
2020. He said that his version of self-reliance “does not imply isolationism
and inward-orientation”. We think that his vision of ‘Aatmanirbharata’ or
‘self-reliance’ <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
will inject greater self-confidence in the people in making an empowered
economy in the next 15-20 years. It must, however, be backed by a concrete
action plan; otherwise, this chance may slip away. This post aims in this direction.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Self-Reliant Economy (SRE) represents a
different way of thinking about the processes and outcomes of economic
development. It is “an individual’s ability to garner and hold economic
resources in excess of their basic needs. In addition, individuals who
are economically self-reliant have greater resilience in the face of negative
economic shocks (like Covid-19 pandemic). Those with greater resilience will
suffer lower intensity (less severe) or shorter duration (quicker recovery). In
other words, SRE represents a type of insurance against the disruptions caused
by adverse economic events. More important than its insurance value, SRE
provides a solid platform from which people can develop and reach their full
human potential.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How to achieve self-reliance? </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Available literature suggests that countries
attempting to reach their objectives of ‘Aatmanirbharata’ should pursue
policies that foster productivity growth. Increases in productivity allow
countries to produce greater output for the same level of input (and goods
become competitive in the global market), earn higher revenues, and ultimately
generate higher Gross Domestic Product and wellbeing.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the best examples of this is China’s
economic story. Economists generally attribute much of China's rapid
economic growth to two main factors: large-scale capital investment (financed
by large domestic savings and foreign investment) and rapid productivity growth
by investing in people.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As such,<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>labour
productivity is crucially dependent on the level of investment in knowledge
(Human Development) and innovation (R&D), and even the success of
various structural reforms to generate jobs.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This suggests that developing countries like
India, in attempting to achieve SRE, should pursue policies that foster labour
productivity growth. For India to be truly self-reliant and
self-confident, public investment in the components of human development like
education, health, gender equality and of course population stabilization
efforts have to increase immediately. It is, therefore, an investment in
people, especially those who are deprived, is a need of the hour.<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> This is the way through which a number of other
countries in the region, such as China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam,
boosted their national economies through a successful human development agenda.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human capital lies in the individual-intangible
quadrant and represents the final form of capital that helps individuals
develop economic self-reliance. Human capital is the sum total of attitudes,
cognitive abilities, and deployable skills possessed by an individual. It is
the ability to work with little or minimum supervision. Also it can be defined
as the ability to depend on oneself rather than relying on other people to
achieve the goal. In other words, human capital can be described as what is in
an individual’s head (knowledge), hands (skills), and heart (attitudes).</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human capital arises from two sources: (1) our
own efforts, talents, and skills and (2) our relationships with family,
government, and macro-social systems. In a system which is dominated by poverty
and inequality, the role of government or macro-social systems are very
important in promoting self-reliance. In other words, the macro-social systems<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> and government have catalytic power to boost
human capita.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So what is India waiting for?</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The central government must set an overall action
agenda for a self–reliant economy and human capital formation in consultation
with the states, and its implementation, however, should be left on states. The
Centre must give the states greater leeway to take decisions to achieve these.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In addition, India needs well-governed and
well-managed smaller states for better governance. There are
28 states in India at present. Their
populations range massively in size – the largest, Uttar Pradesh, holds
around 200 million people, the smallest, Sikkim, just over
half a million. About half of the country's population lives in five
States, namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra
Pradesh in 2011; and ten most populated states or super states of India
contribute more than three- fourth of India's population .</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is a widespread perception that splitting
super states into smaller ones will improve administration and governance by
bringing power centres closer to the people, thus paving the way for a
self-reliant economy.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The population of India is projected to increase
from 1390 million in 2020 to 1700 million in 2051, as per the Population
Reference Bureau that is in the next thirty-two years – an increase of 540
million. As a consequence, the total population of 10 most populous or
super-states of India will increase from 927 million to 1366 million. And this
fact must be kept in mind while redrawing the map of the Indian Union. As
such, division of the existing super-states is a must. For governance and
socio-economic reasons, the total population to be carved out smaller States should
not exceed more than 50 million each with administrative friendly inter-state
boundaries not like existing boundaries in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal or Rajasthan.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now the question arises as how to boost human
capital formation? The policy monograph - Nurturing Human Development: A
Strategy for New India <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> proposes such a strategy to unlock the human
potential based on the ‘capability’ approach; and it is christened
as “HDPlus” (Human Development Plus). It is a dynamic agenda based
on a ‘whole child’ concept, that is a school-going child and his/her
family (that is HDPlus family) should be the fulcrum of human development
efforts. The concept is being described by policies, practices,
and relationships which ensure that each child is healthy, educated, engaged,
supported and encouraged. For this, integrating the child and his or her family
more deeply into the day-to-day life of school and home activities represents
an untapped instrument for raising the overall achievements including learning
skills and health parameters, and hence improving the overall
productivity of the future workers. In other words, creating an enabling
environment at family and school levels is a way to empower people. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s now or never situation not only for India
alone but also for PM Modi. In my article: Decoding Modi’s Resounding Victory
(June 2019), I concluded that “w<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">hat India does in the next five
years will determine not only the destiny of the country but also of PM Modi”. <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftn5" title="">[5]</a> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftn5" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>A person like Modi knows
about it that the people elected him with immense hope that he will change
their lives for better. Investments in education, health, living environment
and its determinants – the social sector – therefore, should be made a priority
in the coming years to lay the foundation for a developed India by
100th birth anniversary of India. For this, PM Modi must use
unmatched political capital to make it happen today!</span> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The vision of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ or
‘Self-Reliant India’ could be “The Roaring Twenties” for India. But
that cannot be achieved without peace, stability and effective governance.
India has to create an environment for the fundamentals of progress:
infrastructure development, human capital formation, rule of law, and so on.
Interestingly, it also frees up resources, both financial and human, that would
otherwise be diverted to controlling violence or maintaining law and order.
Further, we have to recognise that the solidarity of people is a prerequisite
for a Self-Reliant Economy. Here the issue of communal harmony is very
important. Lastly, any action agenda to achieve self-reliance must
be based on a participatory dialogue between Centre and States<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
</p><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Godfrey, Paul. (2013).
More than Money, Stanford: Stanford University Press.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">The Oxford panel has now chosen 'Atmanirbharta' </span><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(self-reliance) </span></i><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">as the Hindi
word of 2020. "It validated the day-to-day achievements of the countless
Indians who dealt with and survived the perils of a pandemic,” the Panel noted.
“It gives a voice to the strength displayed by young and old alike in dealing
with extended periods of isolation, lack of familial support, loss of
livelihoods and other difficulties through sheer determination and
self-reliance", the panel further added. Previous Oxford Hindi words of
the year are Aadhar (2017), Nari Shakti (2018) and Samvidhaan (2019). Read more
at:
https://in.news.yahoo.com/atmanirbharta-named-oxford-hindi-word-of-2020-094259960.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Morrison, Wayne M. 2019. China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends,
Challenges, and Implications for the United States, Congressional Research
Service, Washington DC.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p></div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="gmail-msofootnotetext" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">For details, see: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Kothari,
Devendra. 2019. </span>Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New
India, New Delhi: Paragoan International Publishers.</span></p><p class="gmail-msofootnotetext" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/Post%20124,%20working.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;">Kothari, Devendra, Decoding Modi’s Resounding Victory,
India Currents dated June 21, 2019. Read more at: </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://indiacurrents.com/decoding-modis-resounding-victory/">https://indiacurrents.com/decoding-modis-resounding-victory/</a></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p>
</div>
</div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
</div>
</div>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-10236331159103880282021-01-31T08:45:00.037-08:002021-02-05T16:57:18.985-08:00Is India paving way for a creation of Khalistan?<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr. Devendra Kothari </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;">Population and
Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;">Forum for Population
Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The stalemate
over the three-farm laws continued for the 67th day today (January 31, 2021)
around the border of the national capital where thousands of farmers are
protesting in open against the new legislation passed hurriedly by the
Parliament in the last September. The farmers from all over India are
participating in the agitation but it is heavily dominated by the farmers from
the state of Punjab.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #1d2228;">At a
time when farmers are protesting against the three farm laws, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi said on December 15, 2020 that a conspiracy is going on in and
around Delhi to confuse farmers. Other BJP leaders took clue from this
statement and linked </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">the farm agitation to Khalistan sympathizers. “Khalistani link” was alleged
by Haryana Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar. Several experts and
political parties have strongly condemned Haryana CM Khattar’s statement terming protesting farmers as
“Khalistanis”. “This is a
conspiracy to defame the farmers and their agitation to pave the way for its
repression with brutal force,” said Sukhbir Singh Badal, President of Shiromani
Akali Dal, and former close supporter of the Modi Government. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Such statements
by the ruling BJP party may really push the people of Punjab towards the
Khalistan movement, which has already created troubles in the past.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is the
Khalistan movement? The fight for a separate Punjabi State owes its origins to
the Punjabi Suba Movement. The Akali Dal – Sikh- dominated political party-sought
to create a separate Sikh province or state. When the State
Reorganisation Commission, constituted to assess the demand for separate states
by the linguistic groups, made its recommendations, it rejected the Akali Dal’s
demand. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">But
after a series of violent protests, the Indira Gandhi government relented in
1966. The existing state was trifurcated into Punjabi-majority Punjab, Hindi
majority Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Some hilly regions of
the state were merged into Himachal Pradesh. However, the seeds of Khalistan
had been seeded.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Before we discuss the current farmers’
agitation and causes behind it, let us briefly deliberate on the Green
Revolution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The Green Revolution in India began
in the mid-1960s marking a transition from traditional agriculture in India and
the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds and the associated
agricultural techniques. High yielding varieties of seeds were first introduced
in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and parts of western Uttar Pradesh, the
leading Campaigners of the current agitation.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Among the Indian states that is said
to have benefited most from the green revolution in India was the state of
Punjab, where food-grains production increased from 5.37 million tonnes in
1965-66 to 32 million tonnes in 1995-96.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Most of the state lies in a fertile
alluvial plain with many rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system.
Despite covering only 1.53% of its geographical area and less than 2.5%
of India’s population, Punjab makes up for about 20% of India's wheat
production, around 12% of its rice production, and around 10% of its milk
production, and thus Punjab became the 'India’s breadbasket'.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">At the international level, this
represents three per cent of the global production of wheat and rice. And,
Punjab became the most developed state of India. Its per capita income in 2006
was 28,605 was way ahead of the national average of just Rs. 6,929. Punjab also
claimed a 100 per cent rural electrification as well as almost 99 per cent
connectivity of villages by paved road against the national average of just 44
per cent.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">In 1990, when I was exploring reasons
behind the Blue Star Operation, I noted that the newly achieved prosperity
prompted many Punjabis, especially the youth to think in terms of a separate
country of Khalistan. It was argued that by selling agricultural products like
wheat to India and others, Punjab could become a developed country like
the USA and Canada. And, such sentiments were used by the extremists like
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, who was reportedly backed by Pakistan's ISI, had
made his demands clear - he wanted the Indian government to pass a resolution which
would allow India to be divided, thereby creating a new country for Sikhs
called 'Khalistan' - the land of pure.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Radical separatist Bhindranwale had
started laying the groundwork for his demand in 1982, and by mid-1983 managed
to gain support for his plan to divide India. In mid-1983, Bhindranwale and his
armed militant group entered the Golden Temple and took over its control. They
then set up a base inside. Taking back the control of the Golden Temple from
armed militants and preserving its sanctity was not easy. Being the holiest
site for Sikhs made the decision even tougher to take. However, after nearly a
year of consultations and trying to negotiate, then Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi decided that the only option left was to carry out a military operation
against the militants. This led to the Operation Blue star. It was
carried out between June 1 and 10, 1984 to capture Bhindranwale and
his armed followers.</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/working%20khalistan.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Now the question arises why
the farmers from Punjab among others are agitating against the three farm laws?</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">While the Green Revolution
provided some solutions to the problem of food security in India, Punjab began
to face a completely new range of problems: Decaying soil, pest-infested crops
and indebted farmers. Further, the price Punjab has paid for India’s food
security comprises cancer, renal failure, stillborn babies and birth defects. A
large-scale use of pesticides and synthetic nitrogen fertilisers has magnified
this situation.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">As a result, the economy of Punjab
has been facing problems. Now its economy is the 15<sup>th</sup> largest state
economy in India with ₹5.75 lakh crore (US$81 billion)
in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹167,000 (US$2,300),
ranking 16<sup>th</sup> amongst Indian states. Punjab ranked first in
GDP per capita amongst Indian states in 1981 and fourth in 2001, but has
experienced slower growth than the rest of India in recent years, having the
second-slowest GDP per capita growth rate of all Indian states and
UTs between 2000 and 2010, behind only Manipur. The state's economy
is mainly dominated by agricultural production and small and
medium-sized enterprises.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">In Punjab, mainly the two cereal
crops, wheat and rice, are grown in rotation during a year. Rice is the principal
crop of the Kharif season and wheat is the principal crop of Rabi season.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Here the concept of Minimum Support
Price (MSP) is a great support to farmers and their economy. MSP is set by the government
for certain agricultural products like wheat and rice, at which the products
would directly be bought from the farmers if the open market prices are less
than the cost incurred. In other words, when the market price falls below the
declared MSP, the government would purchase the entire quantity from the
farmers at MSP. (For the MSP calculation, the Swaminathan Committee, 2007
suggested a formula: cost of production + 50 %.) The chief objectives of
setting up MSP are:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Support farmers from distress sales<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">To procure food grains for public
distribution</span> </li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Why are farmers against the three
farm laws? It is because the passed law does not cover MSP for their products
and they feel that in the absence of MSP, the corporate sector will exploit
them.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The government of India’s refusal to
make the MSP as a part of the laws has deepened doubts of the farmers. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Even after Prime Minister
Modi's repeated assurance that these farm laws will neither end the minimum
support price regime nor the <i>mandi</i> system, thousands of
farmers have been staying put in the bitter cold (around freezing poin)
outside Delhi. The former Agricultural Minister and a farmer itself, Shared
Pawar said the new laws will adversely impact the MSP procurement
infrastructure thereby weakening the mandi system. MSP mechanism has to be
ensured and strengthened further, he added.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Further, the Bharatiya
Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch (SJM), both are part of the
ruling party BJP and RSS, have urged the Modi government to ensure that MSP,
which guarantees a certain level of returns on produce, it should
be a part of purchases inside and outside mandis.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">After so many days of
protest in Delhi and several rounds of meetings, the government is still
adamant that it will not withdraw the farm laws. The farmers have hardened
their stand on repealing the laws. Where is this protest heading with no
conclusion in sight?</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">When the government of
India and its ministers say openly that the present farm agitation,
initiated by the farmers of Punjab, has been managed by the Khalistan
sympathizers, what does it mean? Anyone can conclude that the government is
preparing a ground for the reemergence of Khalistan movement?</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">The government should not
blame the Khalistani sympathizers; I understand opposing parties’ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>leaders can talk like this but not the ruling party. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white;">Three passed Bills
are needed to make the farming profitable, but in the way they were cleared
create doubts. I suggest that the Modi government should pass the fourth Bill
and make MSP mandatory for next three years. It will give sufficient time to
the farming community to adjust with the new realities.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Posts%20old%20and%20working/working%20khalistan.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Brar, K.S. (1993). <i>Operation Blue
Star: the true story</i>. </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"> UBS Publisher's Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Also
refer article (2018): </span><span style="background: white; color: #2e2e2e;">34 Years On, A Brief History About Operation Bluestar, And Why It Was
Carried Out” at: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-bluestar-34th-anniversary-a-brief-history-about-operation-bluestar-and-why-it-was-carried--1863385</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><br /><p></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-20904934471738795762020-12-31T08:39:00.003-08:002021-01-04T02:17:07.083-08:00Save the Earth: the Corona Pandemic warning (पृथ्वी बचाओ: कोरोना महामारी की चेतावनी)<p> </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: right;">Dr. Devendra Kothari</span></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="text-align: center;">“Humans face risks that give no second chances — Covid-19 is a warning
to us”</span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Toby Ord<o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">The
outbreak of novel coronavirus (Covid-19) has created an unprecedented situation
around the world. A joint statement by ILO, FAO, IFAD and WHO, issued on
0ctober 13, 2020, stated that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss
of human life worldwide and presents an unprecedented challenge to human
existence. The statement further states that millions of enterprises face an
existential threat. As breadwinners lose jobs, fall ill and die, the food
security and nutrition of millions of women and men are under threat, with
those in low-income countries, particularly the most marginalized populations,
which include small-scale farmers and informal workers, being hardest hit.</span><span style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;">Toby Ord,</span></strong> Senior Research Fellow at Oxford
University’s Future of Humanity Institute, writes about the existential risks that
now confront human beings. ”We face possible catastrophes which threaten the
permanent destruction of humanity’s potential, such as human extinction or an
unrecoverable collapse of civilization.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span>These
are known as existential catastrophes.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/New%20year/New%20year%20%20wish.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span color="windowtext">Pandemics such as
coronavirus are the result of humanity’s destruction of nature and the world
has been ignoring this stark reality for decades. </span><span color="windowtext" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">The Covid-19 pandemic may be considered as a reminder</span><span color="windowtext"> that there are ‘limits to growth’. </span><span color="windowtext">With
awareness of climate change, food insecurity and biodiversity decline on the
radar, such a statement sounds reasonable.</span><span color="windowtext">
It is therefore considered the covid-19 as a subtle warning from a smart
teacher- Mother Nature. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span color="windowtext">The
authors of the iconic book - The Limits to Growth (LTG) did say this almost
fifty years ago.</span><span color="windowtext"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The LTG</span> is a 1972 report on the exponential
economic and population growth with a finite supply of
resources, studied by computer simulation. The study was commissioned by
the Club of Rome. The study concluded that i</span><span color="windowtext">f the present
trends in world population, industrialization, pollution, food production, and
resource depletion continue unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet will
be reached sometime within the next 100 years.</span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Time is running out. Humans need to colonize
another planet within 100 years or face the threat of extinction, high-profile
physicist Stephen Hawking has warned us in a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BBC documentary called “Stephen Hawking:
Expedition New Earth”<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/New%20year/New%20year%20%20wish.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> He
stressed: “with climate change, overdue asteroid strikes, epidemics and
population growth, our own planet is increasingly precarious.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Previously,
Hawking theorized that humanity probably has around 1,000 years left before it
becomes extinct. His timeline appears now to have shortened. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hawking
is not the only major figure in the technology and science world that has
warned about the threat to human existence. Earlier, Elon Musk (Tesla CEO) and
Jack Ma (Founder of Alibaba) warned that society could because of the
disruption caused by new technology (like AI) and the internet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The
Corona pandemic continues to convey roughly the same message today, but with
slightly more urgency. Today, we are at a point in human history where habits
that once worked well don’t work anymore,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>argued by <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dennis
Meadows, one of the authors of the LTG, at the </span>United Nations University
recently.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background: white;">The
coronavirus is a reminder to us all of our weak state. Regardless of our social
standing and our financial position, we are helpless. Situations like this
remind me the preaching or sermon of Lord Krishna when he said to Arjuna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in </span>Bhagavad <span style="background: white;">Gita (Chapter IV, verses 7 and 8):
"Whenever there is a decline in righteousness and an increase in
unrighteousness, at that time I manifest myself on earth".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Should we wait for God to clear the
mess created by us?</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Instead of looking for ways to leave this planet,
shouldn't we instead try and solve the problems that surround us? I'm not a
scientist, but personally I feel as though leaving the planet or putting in
preparations to leave is almost like giving up.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As we step into 2021, humanity must<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>address the danger of its own existence by
changing the way of living. Humanity must think seriously about <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">the un-intellectual industrialization, urbanization,
deforestation, environmental degradation, resource depletion, and population
explosion. In sum, it is a warning that climate change is real and we must
urgently reduce global warming.</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">On the last day of the year 2020, one of my
friends asked me: What is there to smile in the Corona year? No doubt,
there was no satisfaction or happiness but much yearning. But if one thinks a
little bit differently, you will find reasons to smile. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Bhagavad Gita emphasised: “Whatever happened,
happened for the good. Whatever is happening, is happening for the good.
Whatever will happen, will also happen for the good.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This applies so accurately to the present
situation. We must change our way of living which has become very
manipulating to our selfish advantages. Think how much we have
damaged Mother Nature! So change the way of living and you will find
hundreds of reasons to smile. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Time is running out. Virus attacks, disease
epidemics and catastrophic climate change are fast approaching threats to our
beautiful green and blue home.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Wishing you a Happier New
Year!</span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/New%20year/New%20year%20%20wish.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><i><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ord, Toby (2020). The Precipice: Existential Risk and
the Future of Humanity, </span></i><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bloomsbury Publishing Company Limited. Also, refer
at:</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/humans-face-risks-that-give-no-second-chances-covid-19-is-a-warning-to-us/articleshow/80063414.cms</span> </h2>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/New%20year/New%20year%20%20wish.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://www.bbcstudios.com.au/shows/expedition-new-earth/">https://www.bbcstudios.com.au/shows/expedition-new-earth/</a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Also refer article by</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Arjun Kharpal of CNBC (2017)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> Stephen Hawking says humans must colonize
another planet in 100 years or face extinction at:</span></span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/05/stephen-hawking-human-extinction-colonize-planet.html
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><br /><p></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-22170627112492927422020-11-30T08:34:00.002-08:002020-11-30T08:34:20.936-08:00Donald Trump’s defeat is actually a blessing in disguise for democracy<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr. Devendra Kothari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Population and
Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Forum for Population
Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Donald Trump’s defeat
in the election is a million times better for the US, a billion times for the
rest of the world.</span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">On January 20, 2017, I posted an article
entitled: Why American elected Trump as President of USA? <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/working%20post%20121%20-%20Copy.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, this post explores </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">why Donald Trump lost</span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">“LIBERAL democracies, while not exactly on the brink of a descent
into fascism, are facing a period of crisis throughout the world,” wrote The
Economist on the victory Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/working%20post%20121%20-%20Copy.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">There would be few to
question 2020’s credentials as the year from hell. But towards its fag end the
world’s luck could be turning, with the Biden-Harris ticket winning landmark US
presidential elections that had the world at the edge of its seat.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/working%20post%20121%20-%20Copy.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">On November 3, 2020, when Americans went
to the polls, many of us were praying that President Donald Trump should be
defeated. His presidency (2016-2020) was dispensed with the notion that his
talking points should bear any resemblance to truth, and he had routinely taken
measures in office which had violated the spirit or letter of the law and
constitution.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/working%20post%20121%20-%20Copy.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Refer post by
the author - Why American elected Trump as President of USA? at:</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/3578136436068731910/2988296529100427376
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/working%20post%20121%20-%20Copy.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The Economist (Nov. 7, 2016). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How strong are the institutions of liberal
societies? Refer at: https://www.economist.com/free-exchange/2016/11/07/how-strong-are-the-institutions-of-liberal-societies<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/working%20post%20121%20-%20Copy.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Refer article by </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/swagatoganguly/" title="Go to the profile of Swagato Ganguly"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Swagato Ganguly</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> - </span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Turning the corner: Disaster is averted
with Joe Biden’s victory at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/all-that-is-solid-melts/turning-the-corner-disaster-is-averted-with-joe-bidens-victory-but-donald-trump-has-changed-america/</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-12086069928660130062020-10-23T19:50:00.006-07:002020-10-23T19:56:55.802-07:00India: the state of healthcare <p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Dr. Devendra Kothari</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Population and
Development Analyst</span></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forum for Population
Action</span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><o:p style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; text-align: center;">“At the moment, India is on the edge and it can
take two routes. It can take a route of investing in health and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">investing in its people</b> and creating a
thriving and flourishing future for India which has a part to play in world
affairs or </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; text-align: center;">it can do what it is doing now and</span><b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; text-align: center;"> ignore health</b><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; text-align: center;"> in which case it will see </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; text-align: center;">epidemics sweep across the country creating an
unsustainable </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana; text-align: center;">future and destroying national security.”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="background: white;">Dr. Richard Charles Horton</span></b><span style="background: white;"> </span>(2018)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">The Lancet's editor-in-chief</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p><span style="background: white; color: #474e5d; font-family: verdana;">Healthcare has the
potential to lead to economic growth and to alleviate poverty. It is because h</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">ealth is a relative state in which one is
able to function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually in order
to express the full range of one’s unique potentialities within the environment
in which he/she is living. In other words, “health is primarily a measure of
each person’s ability to do and become what she wants to become.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">It is, therefore, an important component of
human capital formation responsible for the higher level of productivity.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"> It can enhance workers’
productivity by increasing their physical capacities, such as strength and
endurance, as well as their mental capacities, such as cognitive functioning
and reasoning ability.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">By the dawn of the 21</span><sup style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">st</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"> century,
non-communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe, with an increasing
trend in developing countries like India where, the transition imposes more constraints
to deal with the double burden of infective (communicable) and non-infective
(non-communicable) diseases in a poor environment characterised by ill-public
health systems. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">That may be the reason, why the world's most
revered medical journal - The Lancet - has censured severely Government of
India for ignoring health sector and has warned that India is on the “verge of
a collapse under the weight of its own ill health”.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20121%20Health.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">One of the serious negative impacts of this situation
will be the slow formation of human capital. Available literature reveals a
positive relationship between health and productivity for both unskilled and
skilled workers, and evidence of this link is increasing at the microeconomic
level. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IN">So it is generally
said that health is wealth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To be
healthy and fit one needs to eat properly and live in a hygienic or clean
environment. Because living in polluted and dirty area impacts negatively on
health. In addition, availability of basic health services is fundamental in
improving the health outcomes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It means
health in a broader sense includes not only health services but also
sanitation. A</span>
growing body of research has documented the positive impact of health and
sanitation on earnings and economic growth by raising the productivity.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background: white;">Although India’s productivity improvements are impressive,
the process of catch-up with other developing/ developed nations still has a
long way to go. India's labour productivity is about 40 per cent of that of
China. In fact, </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">India recorded one of the lowest productivity in the
world. There are many reasons behind this slow growth in the labour
productivity including a </span><span style="background: white;">sluggish progress in achieving the
mission of “Health for All”.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The paper discusses
a variety of mechanisms through which the vision of ‘Health for All’ (HFA) or
Universal Health Care (UHC) could be achieved within a decade. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">The positive health outcomes ultimately contribute to better educational
outcomes and a more productive and higher-skilled labor force. India,
therefore, must convert its young population to a competitive advantage.</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Emerging health
scenario: </span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">India’s
current state of health is appalling as brought out by the </span><span style="background: white; font-family: verdana;">coronavirus
pandemic and the lockdown it triggered.</span><span class="hvr" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: verdana;">The data released
by the MoHFW indicates that it had severe impact on routine health care
services. Several national goals, including the programme to treat TB, malaria
and non-communicable diseases such as heart diseases, diabetes and cancer, has
suffered a severe setback.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The ministry figures have revealed the enormous price
incurred in healthcare deficits by non-COVID patients between April and June,
2020 compared to the same period last year. Immunisation dropped 27 per cent,
institutional deliveries 28 per cent, major surgeries fell 60 per cent, outpatient
treatment for heart ailments and cancer by over 70 per cent, and 51 per
cent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fewer acute cardiac emergencies
were performed. Treatment for ailments like tuberculosis, diabetes and asthma,
screening of newborns for birth defects etc were also badly affected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It appears that the Indian healthcare structure is not geared
up enough to face the unexpected calamities, which are going to be a frequent
phenomenon in coming times due to climate change and arising poverty. More than
half of the 1.4 billion people are poor and the income inequality is widening. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: verdana;">The pollution is the leading environmental cause of death in
India.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana;">
The US-based Health Effect Institute (HEI) paints a grim picture for India.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana;">Overall long-term exposure to outdoor and
household air pollution contributed to over 1.67 million annual deaths from
stroke, heart attack, diabetes, lung cancer, chronic lung diseases, and
neonatal diseases in India in 2019. The pollution also contributed to the
deaths of more than 1, 16,000 Indian infants in their first month of life last
year. More than half of these deaths were related with outdoor PM2.5. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana;">Air pollution
deaths in India are the highest among the South Asian countries – it is 9 times
higher than neighbouring Bangladesh and 8 times higher than Pakistan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: verdana;">In addition, India faces a double
curse on the disease front: lifestyle diseases that are the bane of the rich
world, as well as the traditional communicable diseases of the developing
world, as reported by the study entitled: Health of the Nation’s States: India
State-Level Disease Burden.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20121%20Health.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">The key metric
used for calculating the burden of diseases is disability-adjusted life years
(DALYs), which is the sum of the number of years of life lost due to premature
death and a weighted measure of the years lived with disability due to a
disease or injury.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Of the
total disease burden in India measured as DALYs, 61 per cent was due to
communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (termed infectious
and associated diseases in this summary for simplicity) in 1990, which dropped
to 28 per cent in 2016. There was a corresponding increase in the contribution
of non-communicable diseases from 30 per cent of the total disease burden in
1990 to 62 per cent in 2016, and of injuries including suicides from 9 per cent
to 10 per cent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">While the
burden of most infectious and associated diseases has reduced in India from
1990 to 2016, five of the ten individual leading causes of disease burden in
India in 2016 still belonged to this group: diarrheal-diseases, lower
respiratory infections, iron-deficiency anemia, preterm birth complications,
and tuberculosis.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: verdana;"> According to the National Health Profile 2019, over 50 per
cent of all deaths due to communicable diseases in 2018 were because of
respiratory diseases and pneumonia. As a result, deaths from communicable
diseases in India are much higher than the global average, latest data from the
Global Burden of Disease Study shows.</span></p>
<p style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The burden caused by these
conditions generally continues to be much higher in <span style="background: white;">the eight socioeconomically less developed states
of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan,
Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, referred to as the Empowered Action Group (EAG)
states<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>than in the other states, </span>but there are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>notable variations
between the states within these groups as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">The
contribution of most of the major non-communicable disease groups to the total
disease burden has increased all over India since 1990, including
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health
and neurological disorders, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic
kidney disease, having greater impact on productivity. Among the leading
non-communicable diseases, the largest disease burden or DALY rate increase from
1990 to 2016 was observed for diabetes, at 80 per cent, and ischaemic heart
disease, at 34 per cent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The
contribution of injuries, which includes road injuries, suicides and non-fatal
outcomes of self-harm, to the total disease burden has increased in most states
since 1990. The highest proportion of disease burden due to injuries is in
young adults.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In sum,
one can draw the conclusion that India at present faces a combination of
communicable diseases and non-communicable, with the burden of chronic diseases
has exceeded that of communicable diseases. Projections nevertheless indicate
that communicable diseases will still occupy a critically important position up
to 2030 or even 2040.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India's
position in the middle of the transition from a poor, healthcare-deficient
country to an advanced country is brought out starkly when compared with
examples from other countries. In Niger, one of the poorest countries in the
world, with a per capita gross domestic product less than one-fifth of India's,
eight of the top ten causes of death are communicable diseases. At the other
extreme, Norway, with per capita gross domestic product over ten times that of
India, has just one communicable disease — lower respiratory tract infections —
among its top ten, with the other nine being non-communicable diseases.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">China,
which started off from conditions similar to India, has moved much further
towards the advanced end of the transition. It too has only one infectious
disease among its top ten causes of death.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>In
conclusion,</b> while the disease burden rate in India has improved since 1990, it
was 72 per cent higher per person than in Sri Lanka or China in 2017. It means India has failed to achieve in
healthcare goals, badly lagging behind China, Sri Lanka and even Bangladesh in
terms of accessibility and quality.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">To put
things in perspective, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study published in
the<i> Lancet </i>said that “newborns in India have a lesser chance
of survival than babies born in Afghanistan and Somalia”. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In the GBD rankings for healthcare access and quality
(HAQ), India has fallen 11 places as compared to last year, and now ranked 154
out of 195 countries in 2017,<span style="background: white;"> far behind its
neighbours like China (48), Sri Lanka (71), Bangladesh (133), and Bhutan (134)</span>.
In 2016, India was ranked 143 among 188 countries.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background: white;">The preceding
discussion underline the urgent need to improve both access to and quality of
health care across service areas and for all populations; otherwise, health
systems could face widening gaps between the health services they provide and
the disease burden experienced by local communities. </span>Moreover, our policymakers have to mark that why
‘one size fits all’ doesn’t work in health and education.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What does India need to do to create a vibrant,
dynamic and progressive 21st century public health system, as will be discussed
t in the next post? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20121%20Health.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Refer at: <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Brtish-medical-journal-Lancet-to-take-Modi-to-task-for-ignoring-health-sector/articleshow/49484703.cms.</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20121%20Health.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <em>Health of the Nation's States - The India State-level Disease Burden
Initiativ</em>e. New Delhi, India: ICMR, PHFI, and IHME; 2017.<span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-33757959408951900802020-09-30T03:32:00.004-07:002020-09-30T03:34:10.728-07:00Declining Hindu and Muslim fertility gap: what is it pointing?<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the economy is allowed to develop unimpeded, the
Hindu-Muslim population issue must be discussed thoroughly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Differential population growth and fertility rates
by religion are a major political issue in India. There is a widespread feeling
that the main cause of population explosion in India is the higher
fertility among Muslims as compared to other religious groups, especially
Hindus. Further, it is often argued that the growing demographic imbalances in
India should indeed be a matter of serious concern as they seem to have serious
repercussions on the very survival of the ‘Indian civilisation’. <span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Whether we agree or not, I strongly believe that
unless we resolve <span style="background: white;">a far-flung impression that</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Muslims are responsible for India's
population explosion, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">it will
have serious implications for socio-economic development by creating
unnecessary tensions. In addition, it will affect everything from efforts
toward a uniform civil code to the debate about religious conversions to
assumptions about Indian secularism. A national debate,
therefore, is urgently called for to step up to resolve the issue. This article
aims in this direction.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Population
explosion is an age-old issue in India, but it has gained traction once again
after Prime Minister Narendra Modi mentioned it in his Independence Day speech
(2019). <span style="background: white;">PM Modi, known to generally celebrate
India’s “demographic dividend”, expressed concern at a “<i>betahasa jansankhya
bisfot</i>” (reckless population explosion) and stressed the need for
government action to control the situation.</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> The
announcement drew mixed reactions. The Congress leader P. Chidambaram
cheered it. On the other hand, some </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">BJP leaders sniffed in the announcement a signal of
the government’s intention to enact some kind of legislation to control the
Muslim population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The BJP and RSS
leaders have for years been blaming Muslims for the purported spurt in the
country’s population and raising the bogey of the community eventually
outnumbering Hindus in the country.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> In fact, a few politicians from the ruling party
have used the PM speech to exhort Hindu women to birth at least four children.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">But,
based on the official data, this narrative does not hold water. The National
Family Health Survey (NFHS) has shown that over the past 24 years,
new-generation Muslim families have done a better job at family planning,
though their statistical figures still trail Hindu families.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">The decadal census
is the largest data collection exercise carried out by the government to assess
not only the growth of the population but also other socio-economic indicators.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2011 Census
of India</span> was the 15th in a series of censuses held in
India every decade since the first complete census was taken in
1881.The next<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Census of India</span>,
the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">16th Indian Census</span>, was
to be taken in 2021. It has, however, been delayed due to the COVID-19
pandemic.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the absence of the latest information, the
author has projected the data for the decade 2011-21 based on the various
sources with special reference to the National Family Health Survey-4
(2015-16).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The NFHS is a large-scale multi-round
survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India under
the guidance of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GoI. The primary aim
of the NFHS has been to provide information on maternal and child health and
reproductive health. Four rounds of the NFHS were conducted in 1992-93,
2005-06, 1998-99 and 2015-16.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Let us consider
some plain facts:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">Will Muslims outnumber Hindus in India in the near future?</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> The Census 2011 data shows that
since the census 1951, the share of Hindus has dropped by 4.3 percentage points
from 84.1 per cent to 79.8 per cent of the total population in 2011 while the
share of Muslims has risen by 4.4 percentage points from 9.8 per cent (no
Census was conducted in the JK in 1951) to 14.2 per cent in the corresponding
period. Hindus comprised just about 66 per cent of the population of India
before partition in 1947. It is interesting to note that the projected figure
shows a slight increase in the share of Hindu Population in 2021 as compared to
2011: 80.3 per cent versus 79.80 per cent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The data from the NFHS-4 also collaborated this trend (refer last row of
Table 1)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Table 1 Trends in
Population of India by religion – 2051-2021</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 18.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Religion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hinduism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christianity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikhism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jainism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">others<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1951<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">84.10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.80<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.79<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.45<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.86<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1961<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">83.45<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.69<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.79<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.46<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1971<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">82.73<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.60<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.89<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.48<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1981<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">82.30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.75<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.92<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.47<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1991<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">81.53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.61<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.32<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.94<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80.46<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.43<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.34<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.41<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.55<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">79.80<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.72<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.37<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.51<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*2021 (projected) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80.30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.61<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.63<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.36<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.85<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 37.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">% of total<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>households NFHS-4 (2015-16)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">81.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.65pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="top" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="7" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 451.75pt;" valign="top" width="602">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*Projected
figures for the year 2021 are based on various sources like. NFHS-4
(2015-16), Population Reference Bureau and United National Population
Division. Also refer: The Future Population of India, Population Foundation
of India, New Delhi (2007). Devendra Kothari (2011) Implications of Emerging
Demographic Scenario, A Brief, MIPD, Parivar Seva Sanstha, New Delhi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source:
Census of India, and National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">In absolute terms, the Hindu population has
increased more than three times from 304 million in 1951 to 966 million during
the last 60 years till 2011. On the other hand, during the corresponding
period, the Muslim population increased from 34 million in 1951 to 172 million
in 2011 that are more than five times (Table 2).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The drop in share of Hindus, due to a
steady dip in the rate of growth of the Hindu population, comes on the back of
rising education and income levels of the majority community<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Absolute population increase in million by
religion, 2001-2021<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Religion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Census 1951<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Census 2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Census 2011<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Projected 2021*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">303.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">828.3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">965.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1117.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muslim<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">137.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">171.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">203.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buddhist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Others <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" width="128">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">361<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1029<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1210<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.8pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1391<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 478.8pt;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source:
Table 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As such, there<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> is a
sense of paranoia that if the Muslim population is allowed to increase it will overtake the population of Hindus in
coming years. Before we resolve the issue, let us discuss what has happened in
the first decade of 21<sup>st</sup> century.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Before the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Union Home Ministry released </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Census 2011 data on Population by Religious
Communities on</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 21
Jan, 2015, it</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> was widely
believed that the data would point to a significant growth in Muslim population
in India, which really forced the UPA to postpone its publication. However, the
p</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">opulation growth rate of
various religions has come down in the decade (2001-2011). Hindu population
growth rate slowed down to 16.76 per
cent from previous decade figure of 19.92 per cent while Muslim witness sharp
fall in growth rate to 24.60 per cent in 2001-2011 from the previous figure of
29.52 per cent (Table 3). Such an abrupt
fall in population growth rate for Muslims didn't happen in the last 6 decades.
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This was a
positive outcome of the Census 2011, which nobody has taken seriously.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Growth rate of Hindus, Muslims and
Christian is expected to fall further in the upcoming 2021 census while other
religions like Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism are expected to remain stable for
next 2 decades considering the already slowed down growth rate of these
religions. In fact, in absolute numbers, the Jain population may decline.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to the projected figures the Hindu
population growth rate will go down further to 15.7 per cent from previous
decade figure of 16.8 per cent while the Muslim population<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may witness another sharp fall in growth
rate to 18.2 per cent from the previous figure of 24.60 per cent, as shown in
Table 3. One can notice difference between Hindu and Muslim population is
narrowing fast. I believe that gap will further decrease in the Census 2031.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 3 Hindus versus Muslims: </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trends in decadal
population growth</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div align="right">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -74.45pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 622px;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="4" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.3pt;" valign="top" width="622"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Year<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 303.3pt;" valign="top" width="404">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trends in decadal
population growth in percentage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Year<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muslim<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Difference<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1981-1991<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1991-2001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2001-2011<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011-2021
(Projected)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.3pt;" valign="top" width="622">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source: Census of
India. Also<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>see footnote of Table 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.3pt;" valign="top" width="622"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">So there is no sense of talking that Muslims
will overtake Hindus, as argued by the many right wing politicians. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Minorities in India, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">much</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> like in the United
States, are not really anywhere close to being dominant and the fear of
any “Muslim takeover in India” was baseless, as noted by the </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2019</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Economics
Nobel-winner Abhijit Banerjee. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now there is a big question why
the Muslim population is growing slowly? There are many factors behind this
unexpected trend but two factors are very important: Emerging middle class and
declining fertility.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The National
Family Health Survey (NFHS) has shown that over the past 24 years,
new-generation Muslim families have done a better job at family planning,
though their statistical figures still trail the Hindu families.</span> </h2>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">In India, a small, emerging yet visible Muslim middle
class has surfaced, “breaking the perception of a monolithic impoverished community”,
as noted by</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">
Ashwaq Masoodi, t</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">he
Nirman Fellow at Harvard University.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For example, the NFHS-4 shows that even though, among all religions, the
presence of Muslims in the highest wealth quintile (top 20%) of the country is
still the lowest, the share has gone up (while 17.2% of the total Muslim
population fell in the top wealth bracket in 2005-06, it inched up to 18.8% by
2015-16). <span style="background: white;">Even though in mid 1990s the community
realized the importance of education, as documented by several researchers including
Anwar Alam, senior fellow at the Policy Prospective Foundation, a Delhi-based
think tank, it wasn’t a dramatic move. Instead some chose hybridized education,
which meant that more and more Madrasas had to slowly modernize themselves to
include English and computer training in their curriculum. Hence, while they
were getting educated, they were enrolled in the “modern secular education
system", and so this shift in mindset was reflected in the total
fertility.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The share of Muslim men who have studied at least up to
Class XII doubled in the decade ending in 2016, according to the NFHS. The
educational status of Muslim women improved much faster than the men, though
the share of women who have gotten past Class XII still remains at slightly
below 15 per cent.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">A widely used measure of fertility
levels is the ‘total fertility rate’, or the average number of children a woman
will have in her lifetime. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According
to the first NFHS 1992-93), this figure was 4.3 children for Muslims and 3.3
children for Hindus, or a fertility gap of 30.3 per cent or one child per woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latest NFHS-4 data shows that this gap has
narrowed to 20.5 per cent in 2015-16, a difference of half a birth on average
per woman, even as both communities are having fewer children than before (Table
4).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Table 4 </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Trend in number of children per women (Total Fertility Rate)<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NFHS<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hindus<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Difference<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1992-93 (NFHS-1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1998-99 (NFHS-2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.59<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.78<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.81<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2005-06 (NFHS-3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.09<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.65<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2015-16 (NFHS-4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.61<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.48<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 473.4pt;" valign="top" width="631">
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Source:
National Family Health Survey 1, 2, 3 and 4, IIPS, Mumbai.</span><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Even when Muslim fertility is
declining, the fertility gap would not narrow until the Hindu fertility level
reached to replacement level. In demography, it is considered to be 2.1
children per woman. The former Director of IIPS and a known demographer P.N.
Mari Bhat had projected that Hindus will achieve replacement fertility by 2021
and a stable population by 2061; Muslims will achieve replacement fertility by
2031 and population stabilization by 2101, and will account for 18.8 per cent
of India’s population then. Bhat’s 2011 projections are extremely close to
NFHS-4 figures. So there are no chances
that Muslims will overtake Hindus.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Of course, we do not know
that the rapidly declining fertility of Muslim women will continue. It would
not be surprising if Muslim fertility stabilized at a higher level than
non-Muslim fertility in India. As a result, Muslims may maintain a population
growth rate somewhat higher than other groups and their percentage of India’s
population might slowly grow. <span style="background: white;">It is because
the use of modern methods of contraceptive is low among Muslims as compared to
others. </span> Religious differences in the use of modern
contraception, based on the latest NFHS-4 data, clearly indicate the prevalence
rate of modern contraception is the highest among Sikhs (65%) and lowest among
Muslims (38%). Around 54 per cent of Hindus are protected by any modern method
like sterilization, pill, IUD, condom among others (Table 4), which are
available in the official programme. The prevalence of
sterilization does not differ much among most religious groups, except for the
fact that it is very low among Muslims. The proportion of women and men who
have been sterilized is twice as high for Hindus as for Muslims (Table 4, Column
3).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In spite
of poverty and illiteracy, the prevailing unmet need for modern family
planning services is surprising, especially among Muslims. As compared to
Hindu women, Muslim women have high level of unmet need for family planning
services, (12 % versus 16%), as per NFHS-4 (Table 5, Column 4). It means
that Muslim women in general do not want more children, yet they have them due
to several other factors.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></a></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4
India: Current use of contraception and unmet need for contraception by
religion, 2015-16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Religion</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">% of
couples (15-49 yrs) protected by any modern method</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">% of
couples (15-49 yrs) protected by sterilization</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">% of
couples (15-49 yrs) having unmet need for any modern method</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindu</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">54.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muslim</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christian</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">47.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikh</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">06.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jain</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">57.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">47.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 467.8pt;" valign="top" width="624">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source: National Family Health Survey-4, IIPS, Mumbai.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">So, what should be the agenda? The only major religion left
out of the demographic transition in India is Islam. And this group could be
helped by providing family planning services, as happened in Bangladesh and
Indonesia. Muslim scholars believe that the permanent method of
contraception is not permitted in Islam. So India has to diversify its approach
to include other modern methods of contraception including injectables with
quality in its programme like Bangladesh and Indonesia.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Unfortunately, the Sachar Committee did not give
importance to the concept of the reproductive health in its recommendations to
improve the overall conditions of Muslims in India.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">India has
to find a way to talk about religious demographics as other nations do —
mostly without fuss, rancor or wild policy suggestions. It is
because Indian Muslims want to be part of mainstream. No doubt,
Muslims have higher fertility rates than those in other religious groups.
But, in India, there is no clash of civilizations. Indian Muslims
are a part of Indian culture, as argued by the noted Islamic
Scholar Mahmood Madani. “This is because of both India’s culture and its
historical legacy. Muslim heritage is a part of a larger tradition of
multiculturalism and mutual tolerance. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">In conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Islam
will surely not 'overtake' Hinduism in India, but Hindutva might overtake
Hinduism. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anyone with little knowledge
of Basic Mathematics can calculate that if Hindus don’t produce any offspring
and on the contrary if Muslims only give birth to children, then the religious
demography would tip off towards a Muslim majority not before 2170.Is this
practical or reasonable for commonsense? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This kind of comic theories like Muslim
Majority India are circulated and floated by vested interests with bad thoughts
and intentions, I don’t understand for how long common Indians would fall for
such cruel theories, people not only should refrain from such fake news, they
should revert back to such people who circulate and make them understand that
the root cause of all such fake news are dangerous minds.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I think that the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India must address
this issue squarely, and the authorities have to accept that there is a problem
in the management of family planning programme and resolve it.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sound indicators are emerging that
Hindu and Muslim fertility is merging </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Matters cannot be shoved under the carpet now.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For details, see:
“A note on the growing demographic imbalances in the Indian subcontinent” by
Dr. M.D. Srinivas, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai, 1999.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read more at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/73682076.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/73682076.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Masoodi (2019). “Joining the India story:
Rise of the Muslim middle”, mint. Read more at: https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/joining-the-india-story-rise-of-the-muslim-middle-1548262657277.html<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Kothari,
Devendra (2015), India: Resolving Hindu-Muslim population controversies at:
https://kotharionindia.blogspot.com/2015/11/</span></p></div><div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> The </span><span class="fn"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Government of India appointed a high level
committee to prepare a report on the social, economic and educational status of
Indian Muslims. The 7-member committee, headed by Justice Rajinder Sachar
(retired) submitted its report to the Prime Minister in November 2006. The
Sachar Committee’s report is an extremely valuable document on the social,
economic and educational status of Indian Muslims.</span></span></p></div><div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Madani,<b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Mahmood A. 2015. “Islamic State
Vs Islamic Ideals” at: </span><a href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/islamic-state-vs-islamic-ideals-there-is-no-clash-of-civilizations-and-terrorism-isnt-jihad/"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/islamic-state-vs-islamic-ideals-there-is-no-clash-of-civilizations-and-terrorism-isnt-jihad/</span></a></p></div><div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/New%20post/Hindu-Muslim%20Population%20Sept%2018,%202020.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kothari, Devendra.
2014. “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Managing Unwanted Fertility in India: Way Forward,”</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> in Sharma Suresh
and Joe William (eds.): <span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">National Rural Health Mission: An Unfinished Agenda,
New Delhi: Book Well:</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> 25-36.</span></p></div><div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-28996392603686954782020-08-31T09:59:00.004-07:002020-11-30T08:35:12.976-08:00 India: Malnutrition and Sanitation<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">Dr. Devendra Kothari </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Population and
Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forum for Population
Action<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="p" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India
is one of the hungriest and malnourished nations in the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="p" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">M</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">alnutrition is a major health
problem in India. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), given their
direct impact on infectious disease, especially diarrhea, are important for
preventing malnutrition.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">It is said that food grows in
abundance in India, but every year, India makes headlines for
being one of the hungriest major countries in the world. </span>India ranked 102
out of 117 countries in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2019 that is much lower
than below to its South Asian neighbours such as Sri Lanka (world rank:66), Nepal
(73), Bangladesh (88), and Pakistan (94). The index is calculated using four
indicators that are - child mortality, undernourishment, child wasting (weight
for age) and child stunting (low height for age). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The
GHI report pointed out that "India is suffering from a serious hunger
problem", and the situation is deteriorating very fast, as shown in Table
1. As a result, m<span style="background: white;">ost of its children suffer from
acute malnutrition. The chapter argues that improving Wash (Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene) practices could be an effective strategy in reducing
the level of malnutrition and its
related issues. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> Table1 </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">India's GHI performance since 2014</span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 126.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 293px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 61.1pt;" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Year</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 87.75pt;" width="117">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">World GHI
Ranking</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total
Countries</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 61.1pt;" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 87.75pt;" width="117">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">76<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 61.1pt;" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2015<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 87.75pt;" width="117">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">117<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 61.1pt;" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2016<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 87.75pt;" width="117">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">97<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">118<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 61.1pt;" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2017<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 87.75pt;" width="117">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">119<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 61.1pt;" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2018<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 87.75pt;" width="117">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">103<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">119<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 61.1pt;" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2019</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 87.75pt;" width="117">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">102</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">117</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(197, 197, 197); mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: #C5C5C5; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C5C5C5 .25pt; padding: 3.45pt 5.55pt; width: 219.7pt;" width="293">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source: GHI
reports<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="p" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">Malnutrition is
the primary reason behind 69 per cent of the deaths of children below the age
of five in India, according to the State of the World’s Children report,
released by UNICEF in 2019.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"> The report goes on to say that every second child in
India, belonging to that age group, is affected by some form
of malnutrition (54% or 63 million out of 118 million children in 2018).
This includes stunting with 35 per cent of the children, wasting with 17 per
cent,<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> underweight with 36
per cent</span> and 2 per cent overweight.</span></span> <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Chronic malnutrition, referred to as
stunting, is one of the most serious health and human development problems in
India. The country</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> has
the maximum number of chronic malnourished children in the world – 1 in
every 3 children is stunted. The most direct causes of stunting are
inadequate nutrition </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(insufficient food intake or
consumption of foods lacking in essential growth-promoting nutrients)</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> and recurrent infections or chronic diseases </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(which cause poor nutrient intake, poor absorption and
utilization, or other forms of nutrient loss)</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">, as per WHO.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">The real-world impacts of stunting
ripple well beyond linear growth. A stunted child may also have a poorer immune
system, brain function, and organ development. Performing below average in
these areas may also limit their future productivity and threaten the health of
their future children. In short, stunting has lifelong consequences on
human capital, poverty and equity. It leads to less potential in education and
fewer professional opportunities,” as per Sobha Suri, Senior Fellow, Health
Initiative, Observer Research Foundation. </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="p" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And, there is no wonder that the World Bank ranked
India at 115th out of 157 countries on the Human Capital Index in 2018. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> HCI
seeks to measure the amount of human capital that a child born today can expect
to attain by the age of 18. According to its parameters a child born in India
today will only be 44 per cent as productive as she could have been if she had
enjoyed quality education and full health as well as better living environment
including water and sanitation. In other words, there are grave
deficiencies in India’s human development inputs that are preventing children
from reaching their full potential. As such, the productivity, measured as per
capita GDP, is very low. </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">India became the
fifth largest economy in the world in terms of GDP in 2018 but still it has a
very-very low per capita GDP, as per IMF. It is placed at 119th position among
185 countries.</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">A study by the International Food
Policy Research Institute shows that stunting prevalence varies across
districts of India</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">(12.4-65.1%), and
almost 40 per cent districts have stunting levels above 40 per cent. </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background: white;">Such high prevalence of child malnutrition in India
defies logic.</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">After all, the
country’s economy has doubled since 1991, when the government started counting
the malnourished children. Further, the world’s largest programme to tackle
child malnutrition, the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), has been
in force in the country since 1975, much before any country, other than the US,
introduced measures to tackle the problem.</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
The Mid-day Meal Scheme was launched in the year 1995 as a centrally sponsored
scheme, it provides every child within the age group of six to fourteen years
studying in classes I to VIII who
enrolls and attends the school, shall be provided hot cooked meal having nutritional standards of 450 calories
and 12 gm of protein for primary (I-V class) and 700 calories and 20 gm protein
for upper primary (VI-VIII class), free of charge every day except on school
holidays. The scheme covers all government
and government-aided schools and also madarsas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Now, the
country aims to achieve a malnutrition-free India by 2022, as per the National
Nutrition Strategy 2017.</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">The plan is to
reduce stunting prevalence in children (0-3 years) by about three percentage
points per year by 2022 from NFHS-3 (2005-06) levels, and achieve a one-third
reduction in anemia in children, adolescents and women of reproductive age.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">As the stage is set for the onslaught
of malnutrition, it is time to critically look at the not-so-obvious reasons
for its high prevalence in the country.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">The debate over the
measurement or prevalence of malnutrition ignores some of the crucial
determinants of childhood health. Wash (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) is a
missing link. Consider this. Malnutrition is more common in India than in
sub-Saharan African countries where per capita income is much lower than that
of India. This discrepancy has sparked a debate over the WHO formula which is
mainly based on the intake of calories, which is usually used by countries,
including India, to measure malnutrition since 2006.</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">Today, India lags behind sub-Saharan
Africa in terms of sanitation practices. About 56 per cent people defecated, in
the open across the country before the Swatch Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched
in 2014. In sub-Saharan Africa, on the other hand, only 25 per cent of the
people defecated in the open in 2010, according to UNICEF and WHO. Recent
health surveys in the largest three sub-Saharan countries show that 31.1 per
cent of households in Nigeria, 38.3 households in Ethiopia and 12.1 per cent
households in the Democratic Republic of Congo defecate in the open. This
difference in sanitation practices between India and African countries explains
the difference in the level of malnutrition rate.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftn5" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></a></span></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">Even in India, good sanitation
practices have helped curb malnutrition, as shown in Table 2. </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Kerala and Tamil Nadu have higher households using toilet
facilities in comparison to other
states. </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh have very high rates
of under-nutrition. States with low levels of under-nutrition include Kerala,
Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, although the rate is still considerably higher than
that of developed nations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Table 2 Uncomfortable facts:
Malnutrition and use of latrine</span></p>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 90.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">State <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Level of
malnutrition (in %)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Households where
latrines in use (in %) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Kerala <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">96.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Tamil Nadu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">61.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Maharashtra<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">28<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">45.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Andhra Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">32<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">24.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Karnataka <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">33<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">32.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">West Bengal <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">35<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">33.7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Odessa <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">36<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">18.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Uttar Pradesh <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">43<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">14.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">Madhya Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.4pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white;">11.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 13.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 388.35pt;" valign="top" width="518">
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Source: National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau,
Government of India. <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">A survey by the National Nutrition
Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), which conducts surveys in rural and tribal areas to
find out the nutritional status of people, also brings out this aspect.
The </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Bureau was established under the
Indian Council of Medical Research in the year 1972, with a Central Reference
Laboratory at the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad. One of the
surveys </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">by the Bureau found
that malnutrition level among children reduced over a period of time despite
less intake of food. “The improvement in nutritional status could be due to
non-nutritional factors, such as improved accessibility to health care
facilities, sanitation and protected water supply,” the survey concluded. <br />
<br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Most children in rural areas and urban slums are
constantly exposed to germs from their neighbors’ faces. This makes them
vulnerable to the kinds of chronic intestinal diseases that prevent bodies from
making good use of nutrients in food, and they become malnourished. And that
explains that in spite of poverty as compared to India, Sub-Sahara Africa has
lower malnourished children as compared to India.</span></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">That
could be the reason why Narendra Modi said in a pre-election speech to mark the
birthday of Mahatma Gandhi in 2013 that: India should build “toilets before
temples.” To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation
coverage and to put a focus on hygiene, Prime Minister Modi launched the <i>Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan </i>(<span class="apple-converted-space">Clean India
Mission) on October 2, 2014. In addition, to cleaning the streets and
roads, its main objective is to reduce or eliminate open defecation
through the construction of individual, cluster and community toilets by 2019, as
a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt;">Since
its launch on October 2, 2014, more than 86.6 million toilets have been built
in India, with 513 districts and 25 states being declared open defecation free
(ODF) with 98.6% of Indian households having access to toilets, according to
India’s official sanitation statistics.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">While there is no denying that millions of toilets
have been built since the Clean India Mission launched in 2014, experts have
skepticism about this claim. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">This is
in large part due to the fact that a recent WHO report estimated that in
2017, 520 million (39%) people in India were still defecating in the open.
Experts wonder how, in just two short years since the report, the government of
India could have created toilet access and use for all of those people? This
skepticism has also been buoyed by first-hand accounts from people who continue
defecating in the open because they still do not have a toilet with water
supply, as per Anoop Jain</span><em style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, the founding director of
Sanitation and Health Rights in India (SHRI), a non-profit that improves access
to toilets and safe drinking water throughout rural India.</span></em><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" title="">[6]</a></span></b></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Additionally,
pit latrines – the government’s recommended sanitation technology in rural
areas – must be emptied when full. Tankers are cost-prohibitive and often
infeasible in rural areas that lack good road infrastructure. Furthermore,
manual scavenging (cleaning out pits manually) has rightfully been outlawed
given the myriad dangers associated with handling human feces, leaving families
the only option of doing it themselves. However, the social stigma associated
with handling human excrement, perpetuated by India’s caste system, deters
families from doing so. This causes the pits to fill up, rendering toilets
unusable, which leads people to revert to defecating in the open. As a result
many of the toilets, especially in rural areas, are lying non-functional.
People use these toilets for storing fodder or cow dung cakes, as noted by
Jain.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">In addition,
India is in the midst of a water crisis. Close to half the country, about 700
million people, face high to extreme water stress. A key facet of water policy
must be the induction of technology to promote reuse and store the rainwater.</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"">The government should take note of
such issues while planning its anti-malnutrition programme. </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> It
is suggested that the rural employment guarantee scheme<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>(</strong><span style="background: rgb(254, 249, 245);">NREGA), </span><strong>which is the
responsibility of</strong> Panchayats
Raj Institutions<strong>, should be used to improve the </strong>basic
amenities like water, sanitation and hygiene in rural areas. The fund allocated
to the Smart<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Cities<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mission<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>could be used mainly to develop the
basic WASH facilities in urban areas.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">While toilets are an important first step for
sanitation, they still need to be used. Reducing open defection requires not
only the technological inputs but it requires behavioural change at the
household or family level.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">How to
forge ahead?</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Based on the available
data, it is estimated that around 435 million (31%) people mainly in rural
India in 2019 were still defecating in the open. Some of them even have toilets
in the household premises but do not using them due to various reasons, as
noted above.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">And, without focussing on this population of 90 million families,
mainly comprising Dalits, other lower castes including OBCs and Muslims, India
cannot think of becoming an ODF country. And, most of these are the people
suffering from the incidence of malnutrition, especially stunting. We have to
recognise that open defection is a problem of poverty and behavioural change.
For this one has to work at the household level, as proposed in the HDPlus
strategy.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For this one has to work at the household level for behavioural change,
as proposed in the HDPlus strategy.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftn7" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></a></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In short,
cl</span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ean water, sanitation and hygiene form the backbone of an effective human
development agenda, as argued by the Johns Hopkins University Water
Institute. However, the challenges of providing these services in a large and
heterogeneous country can be vast. Clean drinking water and sanitation are
certainly not cheap. The cost of implementing these for all of India will be
very large. Of course, not doing it will also have huge financial implications
in terms of health and socio-economic development costs. But the big
question remains – will the policymakers acquiesce?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"> Read more at:</span><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/malnutrition-behind-69-per-cent-deaths-among-children-below-5-years-in-india-unicef-report/articleshow/71618288.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com//news/politics-and-nation/malnutrition-behind-69-per-cent-deaths-among-children-below-5-years-in-india-unicef-report/articleshow/71618288.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="text-align: left;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="text-align: left;">
Read more at: </span><a href="https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/growth_and_development/en/" style="text-align: left;">https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/growth_and_development/en/</a></p></div><div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></a>
<span face="Verdana, sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9pt;">Read more at: </span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-a-malnutrition-free-%20india/article26984216.ece"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-a-malnutrition-free-
india/article26984216.ece</span></a></p></div><div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-IN"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="text-align: justify;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify;"> Refer 2018 Human Development Index (HDI) at:
https://www.onlinegk.com/news-and-tips/2018-human-development-index-(hdi)</span></p></div><div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></b></span></span></span></a><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt;">Singh, Jyotsna and Kundan Pandey (2018). Why India remains malnourished, DownToEarth. </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt;">Read more at: </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/health/why-india-remains-malnourished-42697">https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/health/why-india-remains-malnourished-42697</a></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p></div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Jain, Anoop (2020). The end of
India’s sanitation crisis? Stanford Program on Water, Health & Development.
Read more at: </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://water.stanford.edu/news/end-india-s-sanitation-crisis">https://water.stanford.edu/news/end-india-s-sanitation-crisis</a></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/new%20health%20file/Final%20Health%20chapter%20Sept.%2020.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="background: white; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kothari,
Devendra (2019). </span><span face=""Verdana","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New Delhi: Paragoan International
Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.85pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 13.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></p>Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-35736861605157079492020-07-31T08:51:00.023-07:002020-08-16T06:59:01.592-07:00Will NEP-2020 transform India into knowledge hub?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr. Devendra Kothari<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Population and
Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forum for Population
Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“Delivered
well, education – along with the human capital it generates – benefits
individuals and societies”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The World Bank
(2019)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #424142;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">On July 29, 2020,
the Union Cabinet approved the National Education Policy that aims to overhaul
the country’s education system, and was launched on the same day, without a
discussion in the Parliament. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">It replaces
34-year-old National Policy on Education framed in 1986. </span>The mission of
the new policy is to create “an education structure that contributes directly
to transforming the country, providing high-quality education to all, and
making India a global knowledge superpower”.<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> It
has received well-deserved applause in the official circle; however, the truth
is that it has failed to come to grip with<b>
</b>the main crisis of education: Being in school is not the same as learning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The post analyses
whether the new education policy will help to improve the present dismal
education outcomes which have been creating obstructions in using the
demographic dividend?</span></p>
<p class="componentbody" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="componentbody" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India is currently in a youth bulge phase in
which inclusive, high-quality education is of utmost importance for its
prosperity. India is home to a fifth of the world's youth. Half of its
population of 1.4 billion is below the age of 25, and a quarter is below the
age of 14. India’s young population is its most valuable asset. It provides
India with a unique demographic advantage. But this opportunity will be lost
without proportionate investment in human capital formation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="componentbody" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="comp" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Human capital refers
to the knowledge, skill sets, and experience that workers have in an economy.
The skills provide economic value since a knowledgeable workforce can
lead to increased productivity thus prosperity. <span class="hgkelc"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: justify; width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 10.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 10.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Currently, India is facing a
learning crisis. <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2018"></a>While India has significantly increased access to education, being in
school is not the same thing as learning.<span class="tweetable"> </span> Across the country, millions of
children reach young adulthood every year without even the most basic skills
like calculating the correct change from a transaction or understanding a bus
schedule -- let alone building a fulfilling career or educating their children
properly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A study conducted by the USAID
(2018) shows that the very foundation of learning - reading skills - is very poor
across the country. Its report concludes that more kids are in school, but most
can’t read even mother tongue, as shown
in Table 1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Table 1 Parentage
of students who failed to read <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
even one word correctly, 2018<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 83.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">State
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Mother tongue
(language)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Per cent failed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Uttar
Pradesh <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hindi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">75.9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Rajasthan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hindi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">62.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kannada<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">53.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Odisha<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Oriya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">38.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Uttarakhand<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hindi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">30.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chhattisgarh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hindi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">23.2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Maharashtra<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Marathi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">3.8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.0cm;" valign="top" width="416">
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Source:
2018 USAID Study conducted in Seven States<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As such, Pratham’s annual
review of school education will make you cry. Language and mathematical skills
are miserable: only half our Class 5 students can read Class 2 texts; a mere 40
per cent in Class 8 can do long division. Further, India’s 15-year old children ranked
73rd out of 74 countries in the international PISA test-2009 of reading,
science and arithmetic (just ahead of Kyrgyzstan). The UPA government was so
embarrassed – it banned the test. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
With
primary school enrollment reaching around 97 per cent since 2009, the problem
is now of quality, not that of numbers. More than half of
India’s students can be classified as functionally under-educated or simply
half-educated, and they are mainly from the poorer sections of the society
studying in public schools. India has failed miserably in translating schooling
into genuine learning.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">And, there is no wonder that the World Bank ranked
India at 115th out of 157 countries on the Human Capital Index in 2018. </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="font-family: verdana;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana;"> HCI
seeks to measure the amount of human capital that a child born today can expect
to attain by the age of 18. According to its parameters, a child born in India
today will only be 44 per cent as productive as she could have been if she had
enjoyed quality education and full health as well as a better living
environment including water and sanitation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It means
about 56 percent of children born today in India will lose more than half their
potential lifetime earnings because governments are not currently making
effective investments in their children to ensure a healthy, educated, and
resilient population ready for the workplace of the future.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The World Bank placed India at a lower position (115) than
Sri Lanka (74), Nepal (102) and Bangladesh (106) based on parameters like
education, health and sanitation. <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn3" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></a></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The issue
of the quality of school education has always been side lined by our policy
makers. As a result, for the first time
since 2012, there is not a single Indian entry in the world’s top 300
higher learning institutes, as per the Times Higher Education’s 2020 rankings.
The Indian Institute of Science (IISC) in Bengaluru—the only Indian entry in
the top 300 last year—dropped into the 301-350 group. IITs in Mumbai,
Delhi and Kharagpur have been placed in the 401-500 ranking bracket. Similarly,
Delhi-based Jawaharlal Nehru University was ranked in the 601-800 grouping,
though<span style="background: white;"> <span class="hgkelc">it is number one among central universities in NIRF 2020 rankings and is next only to IISC</span></span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It appears that without taking
the current state of education, as noted
above, the NEP-2020 hastily decided its
vision: “An education system rooted in (the) Indian ethos that contributes
directly to transforming India, that is Bharat…making it into a global
knowledge superpower (“Vishwaguru” - विश्वगुरु) with truly global citizens.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">To achieve the vision, the policy envisages that the
current curricular and pedagogical structure of school education will undergo a
thorough change to meet the developmental needs and interests of school
children for their development at different stages. The NEP 2020 will give
a thrust on Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE). It will replace the 10+2
structure of school curricula by a 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding
to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years respectively. The 5+3+3+4 structure
will comprise 12 years of school and three of Anganwadi or pre-school. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">However, it does not clarify how it will be achieved.
In place of this, it uses jargon or specialized technical terminology to
confuse us and at the same time try to convince us that the new education policy envisages very
ambitious and fundamental education reforms.<strong><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></strong></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There is no logic, however, to the clubbing of primary
classes 1 and 2 with ECCE, run in anganwadis (whose workers are not
professionally trained teachers) and in elite pre-primary schools.<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span>Similarly,
clubbing classes 9-12 allows an early diversion into vocational courses of
those not considered ‘able’ for more sought-after academic courses. Vocational
education, however, needs creative and credible courses developed with some
inputs of education, not just skills designed by the industry, as per <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Prof Rampal, the former dean, Faculty of Education,
Delhi University</span>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It appears that the policy could not figure out the
real purpose of education. The main function of education is to teach one to
think intensively and to think critically.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In addition, the<strong> new
policy focuses</strong> on multilingualism. It will give emphasis to all
Indian languages, and children by learning through their mother tongue, will be
benefitted, thus contributing towards the growth of the society as well as the so-called
quality of education, the policy noted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">No doubt,
the available research says, if students study in their mother tongue in early
stages, it will help them in their cognitive development. One can argue that
most Chinese, Japanese and many other
countries where people do not knows English but are far ahead of us in this
globalised world. It is mainly that they have only one main language not like
us.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If implemented, it will harm
India’s prospect of progress. It is because, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> the constitution recognizes 22 regional
languages, which include Hindi but not English, as scheduled languages,
that is not to be confused with the official status of the Union. Hindi and
English are the only two languages mentioned on the Indian passport.
I, therefore, recommend that the revised three-language formula should be
adopted with a slight modification. Education in mother tongue with English as
a second language to start with and any other major regional languages after
5th grade would be ideal. Looking at the importance of Hindi, I am sure that non-Hindi speaking children will take Hindi as
a third language. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In addition, the
new education policy is silent about the issue of public/government schools. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: verdana;">India’s public elementary schools are in deep crisis,
as per Prof .Arvind Panagariya, the former Deputy Chairman, NITI Aayog and Prof
Geeta Gandhi Kingdon, University College, London.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Begin
with enrolments. Nationally, the number of public schools has remained almost
unchanged between 2010-11 and 2017-18. But the number of students has declined
from 126.2 million to 102.3 million — a reduction of 23.9 million students. But
still, the majority of students study in government schools where poor and
vulnerable students study for free until the age of 14. As per the Education
Ministry data, 65.2 per cent of all school students in 20 states used to go
to the public schools in 2017.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Large numbers of primary schools are
single-teacher schools. In addition, teachers
lack passion, accountability or commitment, are absent half the time, and so
educational outcomes remain dismal year after year in Pratham surveys. As a
result, even very poor people pull children out of free government schools and
put them in expensive private schools that are scarcely better but give
desperate parents some hope whereas most of the government schools give none.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As such, the new education policy
would have take cognizance of this situation. <span style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250);">However,
the policy emphasises and recognises the importance of private schools and
intends to make it easier to establish new ones. One is forced to conclude </span>that the new education policy is
proposing closure of the public schools since it is ‘silent’ on universalizing
school education and RTE. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I<span style="background: white;">f we want
to enhance the process of human capital, we can’t neglect the public schools. </span><span style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250);">It will freeze the prospect of more than half thepopulation,
who are poor and sending their children to the public school since they are
free and having the best teachers looking to their selection process. </span><span style="background: white;">To overcome the crisis, the first point to recognise is that
hiring more teachers is not the solution. Instead, we need to begin involving
the panchayat raj system in managing the public schools, as argued in my recent
work. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Indeed, India
still is very much a low-productivity economy. For India to graduate to a
high-productivity economy, it will be essential to undertake a wide array of
reforms to expedite the process of human development with special reference to
the disadvantageous section of the society.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana;">As such, I was expecting from the new education policy that it will suggest some bold and doable steps in revamping the teaching but what I found as it is generally expressed in a popular Hindi saying: khoda pahaad nikalee chuhiya (meaning: </span><span style="background: white; font-family: verdana;">dug up a mountain to find only a mouse). </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">In sum, the
government doesn’t really require a policy. It requires a clear-cut defined
action plan because what’s missing in education is the action on the ground. By
and large, the diagnosis and prescriptions are available. Therefore, <i>I agree with Anil Swarup</i><em><span style="font-style: normal;">, former secretary for school
education and literacy, GoI that we</span></em><i> </i>need an action plan rather than<i>
</i>a policy statement<i> </i>on education<i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i></span><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is no secret that the PM
Modi wants to leave a legacy. Education reform could be his greatest legacy. He
has the energy, intelligence and political shrewdness to bring change. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" />
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1<span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> Kothari, Devendra. 2017. “Managing school
education in India”, in Administrative Change, Vol. XLIV (2): 78-89. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> Refer</span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">2018 Human Development Index (HDI) at:
https://www.onlinegk.com/news-and-tips/2018-human-development-index-(hdi)</span></p></div><div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> Read more at: </span><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/india-rejects-findings-of-world-bank-report-on-human-capital-index/articleshow/66170167.cms?from=mdr" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/india-rejects-findings-of-world-bank-report-on-human-capital-index/articleshow/66170167.cms?from=mdr</a></p></div><div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> Read more at: </span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/reads-like-an-impressive-wish-list-but-barters-right-to-education/" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/reads-like-an-impressive-wish-list-but-barters-right-to-education/</a></p></div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="EN-IN">Read more at: </span><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/view-indias-public-elementary-schools-are-in-crisis-and-hiring-more-teachers-is-not-the-solution/articleshow/76249780.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/view-indias-public-elementary-schools-are-in-crisis-and-hiring-more-teachers-is-not-the-solution/articleshow/76249780.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> Read more at: </span><a href="https://sabrangindia.in/article/proposing-closure-govt-schools-why-nep-silent-universalising-school-education" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">https://sabrangindia.in/article/proposing-closure-govt-schools-why-nep-silent-universalising-school-education</a></p></div><div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></b></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Kothari, Devendra (2019). </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New
India, New Delhi: Paragoan International Publishers.</span></p></div><div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Final%20book%20chaptes/Chapter%20education.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-IN">Read more at:</span><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/melange/government-doesnt-require-an-education-policy-it-requires-a-clear-cut-action-plan-because-that-is-missing-on-the-ground/" style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: small;">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/melange/government-doesnt-require-an-education-policy-it-requires-a-clear-cut-action-plan-because-that-is-missing-on-the-gro</span>und/</a></p></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-29205492951387363422020-06-30T09:00:00.006-07:002020-07-13T21:48:20.597-07:00CORONA Pandemic and the Economy: India has to manage both innovatively<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Devendra Kothari, Ph.D <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Should
India care for COVID-19 by imposing restrictions like lockdown or allow the economy
to grow? This is a difficult catch-22 situation. The Post (117) argues that restricting
economic activities beyond a point will push the cases of Covid-19 and its
related consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> after around 100-day of continuous total lockdown and
a curfew like situation in the entire country, we are not in a position to say
that these measures were successful in containing coronavirus. Table I
indicates that in spite of the stringiest lockdown in the world, </span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India has
recorded a quantum leap in the new </span><span style="color: windowtext;">coronavirus</span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cases, as
revealed by the official data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
average number of cases increased from 531 per day during the Lockdown-1 to
6786 in the Lockdown-4. In June itself, the average number of daily cases
jumped to whopping </span><span style="color: windowtext;">13,173. Similarly, the
number of deaths increased from two on March 25, the first day of lockdown-1,
to 506 on the last day of Unlock-1 that is more than 250 times in around 100
days.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Table 1 Total
coronavirus cases and deaths in India since Lockdown-1</span></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.55pt;" valign="top" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Phase (Dates) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Total new cases<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cases per day<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.95pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Total new deaths<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cases per day<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.55pt;" valign="top" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lockdown-1 (21 days)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(March 25 to April 13,
2020)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">10,951<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">521<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.95pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">383<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">18<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.55pt;" valign="top" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lockdown-2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(19 days) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(April 15 to May 3, 2020)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">31,018<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2,216<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.95pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">998<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">71<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.55pt;" valign="top" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lockdown-3(14 days)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(May 4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to May 17, 2020) (14 days)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">53,193<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3,799<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.95pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1,634<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">117<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.55pt;" valign="top" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lockdown-4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(May 18 to May 31, 2020)
(14 days)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">95,000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6,786<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.95pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2,383<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">170<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.55pt;" valign="top" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Unlock-1 (June 1-30, 2020)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3,95,183<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">13,173<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.95pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">12,002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">400<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 473.4pt;" valign="top" width="631"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Source:
Worldometer Coronavirus at: </span><a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india/">https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india/</a><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">And, this has happened when India did not allow any large scale
gatherings since the imposition of lockdown. All kinds of social, political,
sports, entertainment, academic, cultural and religious congregations have
remained suspended.<em><span style="background: white;"> <o:p></o:p></span></em></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Looking
to these trends, one can conclude that India is not a suitable place for lockdown
which is based on the social distancing given its settlement patterns and
congested and unplanned urban areas dominated by slums.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13 cities accounted for 70 per cent of the
total COVID-19 cases in the country at the end of the Lockdown-4, as per the
MoHFW. These cities are: Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi/New Delhi, Ahmadabad, Thane,
Pune, Hyderabad, Kolkata/Howrah, Indore, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Chengalpattu and
Thiruvallur (Tamil Nadu)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Further,
it is difficult to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>understand why the
lockdown was imposed on the entire country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is worth noting that those large
countries that have so far done a relatively good job of containing the
coronavirus pandemic have refrained from imposing a complete, nation-wide
lockdown. Even China, where it all started, placed only the Hubei
province under complete lockdown, not the whole country like India. This
precipitant step has distrusted the supply chain line and manufacturing
unit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The
current financial year ended on March 31, 2020, for which a GDP growth of 4.2
per cent was announced. India went into a lockdown at the end of March so the
effects of the stay-at-home order will only be fully visible by Q1 of the new
fiscal year. <span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">It can be seen from the Gross Domestic data
(Table 2) that the economy </span><span style="color: windowtext;">had already been </span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">weakened by years of mismanagement
before this crisis struck. </span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">It was largely on
account of demonetisation (November 8, 2016) and GST (July 1, 2017)
implementation led turbulence. </span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Table
2 Trends in Gross Domestic Product, 2008-2020<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Financial Year<o:p></o:p></span></span></td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">GDP Growth (%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Annual change (%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2020<o:p></o:p></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">4.20<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-1.90<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2019<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6.10<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-0.71<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2018<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6.81<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-0.36<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2017<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">7.17<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-1.88<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2016<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">8.17<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.17<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2015<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">8.00<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.59<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">7.41<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1.02<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6.39<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.93<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">5.46<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.22<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">5.24<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-3.26<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">8.50<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.64<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">7.86<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">4.78<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3.09<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-4.57<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 473.4pt;" valign="top" width="631"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Source: </span><em><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Ministry of Statistics</span></em><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> and </span><em><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Programme Implementation, GoI</span></em><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">.</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Whether
the lockdown was able to save lives or not it is not clear but it has further
damaged the economy which was already in the poor shape. Economist Jean Drèze</span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> stated that the lockdown had
been "almost a death sentence" for the underprivileged of the
country, in an interview with News18. He went on to say, "The
policies are made or influenced by a class of people who pay little attention
to the consequences for the underprivileged" <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">The
coronavirus has taken 17,140 lives during the lockdowns and Unlock-1 period,
according to official figures. But depending on the way deaths are counted, the
real human cost could be far greater. </span><span style="color: windowtext;">That may be the reason why </span><span style="color: windowtext;">Prime Minister
Narendra Modi extended until the end of November his government’s scheme to
provide free food grains to 80 crore or 800 million poor in the country. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">In short, as if a corona pandemic and a severe economic
recession weren’t enough, we now have a dangerous Indo-China border
conflict.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext;">So what India
should be doing in containing the coronavirus pandemic and revive the economy?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Consider the COVID battle first:</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Nobody knows about the future of neither COVID-19 nor
vaccine/treatment regime. However, the sharp increase in positive cases has led
experts/investors to worry about renewed broad lockdowns with large negative
effects on the economy. But there are also other ways to reduce infections,
including stringent bans on large gatherings and greater use of face masks. Further,<span style="background: white;"> WHO has acknowledged</span> wearing mask is a must to
protect from COVID airborne transmission.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Based on the recent research,
Lancet suggests wearing masks properly could achieve substantial reductions in
the spread of COVID-19 without the need of for the strict nationwide lockdowns
of the kind virtually brought all commercial activity to a halt, resulting in
massive economic losses and lives. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Jan
Hatzius, head of Goldman Sachs Research and the chief economist, reported: “We
find that face masks are associated with significantly better coronavirus
outcomes.” <span style="background: white;">It is, therefore, wearing a mask in
proper way in the public places should now be made mandatory.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In addition, India’s medical facilities are limited.
Its density of doctors of 8 per 10,000 people is lower than that of even
Silence (10/10,000) but nothing to China’s 20 or America’s 26. Had the
infection numbers grown here into millions, its healthcare system would have
struggled? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">The
number of COVID-19 cases recorded per day in India may surge to
287,000 by early 2021 if a vaccine or treatment isn’t developed soon,
researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) warned in a recent
study. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
India has</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> to follow a different regime of
treatment. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is, therefore, proposed
that those who are elderly and frail, and who happen to have diabetes and other
health issues, should be given preference. The asymptomatic cases could be treated
at community clinics/homes, </span>as noted by <strong><i>Sunetra Gupta</i></strong><em><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">, professor of theoretical epidemiology at Oxford</span></em>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">As far as the management of COVID-19 is concerned, it is
becoming clear that the whole process should have been driven by a group of
epidemiologists, doctors and social scientists and not the bureaucrats in
Delhi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Moving on to the
management of the economy:</span></b><span style="color: windowtext;"> Not Mask alone can push the economy
and lower the risk of coronavirus, one has to take specific measures to revive
the economy to generate resources to manage the pandemic. My recent work
suggests the following ten steps to create the enabling environment for
reviving the economy:<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First,</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the current
pandemic has forced us to think about the plight of workers in India. It has
enhanced public awareness of the pivotal role of migrant workers in our
economy. We have been completed to release that more than 140 million people
leave their villages including small<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>towns, families and homes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to find
work far away wherever they can find it;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>their invisible hands harvest the crops and feed us, clean streets, run
factories, build roads, construct our houses. In fact, they are the backbone of
India’s economy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">We have to </span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">boost the </span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">confidence and morale of the migrant workers.
A regime of social security must be installed to meet the basic needs of these
workers including housing all times – not only during the pandemics and riots. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In
addition, r</span><span style="color: windowtext;">esuming public transport is
one of the organic solutions to the current travails of migrant worker
movement. Once regular services start, migrants will be secure in the mind that
they can leave when they wish. It will ingrain the perception that normalcy is
fast returning with employment opportunities in places of destinations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Second,</span></b><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> the agricultural sector has been
facing a number of problems. One</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> cannot resolve
these problems without absorbing at least two-thirds of those dependent on the
farm in non-farm jobs.<span style="background: white;"> </span>Further, India needs
to create 10-12 million jobs every year in the coming decades to provide
quality of life for its growing population.<span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Third,</span></b><span style="background: white; color: black;"> in India, capital is
scarce and labour abundant. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are
thought to have lower capital-output and capital-labour ratios than large-scale
industries, and therefore, better serve growth and employment objectives. Not
only do MSMEs generate the highest employment per capita investment, but they
also go a long way in checking rural-urban migration by providing people living
in isolated areas with a sustainable source of employment.</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Fourth,</span></b><span style="color: windowtext;">
India has to improve the basic infrastructure with special reference to the
uninterrupted cheap power supply to generate non-farm jobs. <span style="background: white;">Moreover, emphasis should be on renewable energy since
its production can be decentralized and this will be a great help in promoting MSMEs
even in the remote areas. Moreover, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">solar</span> and
wind <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">power</span> now <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cheaper than coal</span>. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Fifth,</span></b><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> ease of doing business</span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (EODB)</span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> is to facilitate the domestic
producers as well as foreign. D</span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o we have the
needed institutional framework for ensuring that skilling, productivity,
technology development are on par with countries like China or even Thailand
and Vietnam? Do we have enough technocrats in the governance system as
ministers, bureaucrats to enable the processes? </span><span style="color: windowtext;">It
is interesting to note that of the 56 companies that moved bases from China in
2018-19, the World Bank found that Vietnam got 26, Taiwan 11, Thailand 8 and
India 3. Now the “shift” sentiment favours us even less. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sixth</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, the
economies which have peaceful environment accumulate more physical and human
capital accumulation and enhance to economic growth rapidly. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext;">Here the
issue of communal harmony is very important to attain economic growth.<span style="background: white;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">India should not raise controversial issues like the
Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, which disturbs the harmony and creates an
obstacle for economic development. The Government of India should either repeal
CAA in its entirety or put the CAA/NPR/NRC in cold storage. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Seventh,</span></b><span style="color: windowtext;"> India
has to create conditions for the demand generation in order to create jobs.
This would require changes in labour and land laws, cutting corporate and
general taxes to the level of East Asian countries. Further, the pay and
pensions have soared in the public sector as compared to the private sector. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Such irrationality can’t last when the
economy in turmoil.</span><span style="background: white;"> COVID-19 should be
used as an opportunity by the government to correct its mistakes – roll back
excessive salaries/pensions of government employees and provide tax relief to
the middle class to generate demand.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Eighth,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">for</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"> India to emerge not from the
corona crisis but also to revive the economy there is a need for greater
dialogue in a federal setup. It is because India is a big and diverse country. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">So we can’t have one monolithic one size fit all
economic models. What suits the northeast will not fit in south India. What
suits Bihar will not suit Maharashtra. In addition, real change comes about
when the states are involved in the decision-making process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is therefore the decentralization should be
the base for economic planning.</span><span style="color: #282829; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Ninth,</span></b><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> India needs smaller states for
better governance, an essential requisite for economic development.</span><span style="background: white;"> There are 28 <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">states</span> in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">India</span> at
present.</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> Their
populations range massively in size – the largest, Uttar Pradesh, holds
around 200 million people, the smallest, Sikkim, just over
half a million. About half <span class="tgc"><span style="background: white;">of
the country's population lives in five States, namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh in 2011; and ten most populated states or
super states of India contribute more than three-fourth of India's population .</span></span><span class="tgc"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> The 2021 Census will
reveal an unmanageable picture of population in these states. For example, the
Uttar Pradesh population may be more than 250 million in 2021.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">As such, there is a widespread perception that splitting super states
into smaller ones will improve administration and governance by bringing power
centres closer to the people, thus paving the way for rapid economic development.</span></span><span class="tgc"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Finally</span></b><span style="color: windowtext;">, the
structural reforms, as discussed above, are important in generating employment
and creating an enabling environment for economic development; but for
sustained growth, the issue of labour productivity is a must. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Labor productivity measures
output per labor hour. It is largely driven by investment in physical capital,
technological progress, and human capital. The government can enhance labor
productivity by investing in infrastructure, technology and human development. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">With technology changing the nature
of work, and India’s population expected to reach 1.7 billion by 2050,
investing in human development has never been more critical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is argued that investment in people
(especially poor) early, often, and at the household level, can lay the foundation
for human capital formation that will enhance productivity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To start
with, India must focus on essential components of human development in a more
closely integrated form. These are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Improving
the quality of elementary education,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Facilitating
water and sanitation,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Enhancing
primary health,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Reducing
the gender gap, and<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">Stabilising
population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In essence, the above reforms will
provide a better option to build an efficient, globally competitive economy not
only to manage the pandemic but also prepare India to reply the Chinese
aggression in</span><span style="color: #3c4043;"> a</span><span style="color: #52565a;"> language</span><span style="color: #3c4043;"> they understand. </span><span style="color: black;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In Conclusion, India should rapidly ease the COVID restrictions
to revive the economy. Otherwise, it may suffer the worst of both worlds —
economic collapse without checking the virus. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At a Princeton University webinar – The
Economic implications of COVID-19 - on July 10, 2020, economics Nobel laureate
Angus Deaton did not mention India by name, but he highlighted the danger of
poor countries getting the worst of both worlds. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In short, s</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">aving the economy saves lives</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-IN" style="color: windowtext;">Read
more at: </span><a href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/lockdown-labour-pain-the-demand-for-mnrega-work-has-never-been-so-strong-says-economist-jean-dreze-2600383.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">https://www.news18.com/news/india/lockdown-labour-pain-the-demand-for-mnrega-work-has-never-been-so-strong-says-economist-jean-dreze-2600383.html</span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Source: ResearchGate, Lancet, Health Affairs,
Nature, Axios, media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Read more at:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/face-masks-and-gdp.html">https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/face-masks-and-gdp.html</a><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Read m<span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">ore at: </span><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-may-see-2-8-mn-covid-19-cases-a-day-by-winter-2021-mit-study-120070800330_1.html">https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-may-see-2-8-mn-covid-19-cases-a-day-by-winter-2021-mit-study-120070800330_1.html</a><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">Read more at:</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"> </span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-interviews-blog/we-cannot-look-at-this-epidemic-as-a-single-axis-of-how-many-people-are-going-to-become-infected/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-interviews-blog/we-cannot-look-at-this-epidemic-as-a-single-axis-of-how-many-people-are-going-to-become-infected/</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a> Kothari, Devendra (2020). A strategy for new India:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Effective measures for the rapid economic
growth, FPA Working Paper #21, Forum for Population Action, Jaipur. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>Also read <span lang="EN-IN">at: </span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/vividly-imagining-the-life-of-migrant-workers/article31457516.ece"><span style="color: windowtext;">https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/vividly-imagining-the-life-of-migrant-workers/article31457516.ece</span></a><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">[8]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Read news item: Solar and wind power now cheaper than
coal (June 25, 2020) at: </span><a href="https://www.evwind.es/2020/06/25/solar-and-wind-power-now-cheaper-than-coal/75326">https://www.evwind.es/2020/06/25/solar-and-wind-power-now-cheaper-than-coal/75326</a><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20118%20Corona%20and%20Economy.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2b2b2b;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white;">Kothari, Devendra (2019). </span>Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New
Delhi: Paragoan International Publishers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-42237028259153234342020-05-30T22:14:00.000-07:002020-05-30T22:14:08.041-07:00“Cannot Control Tears": Madras High Court Verdict on Migrant Crisis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Devendra
Kothari Ph.D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Population
and Development analyst<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Forum
for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The "pathetic condition
of migrant labourers...is nothing but a human tragedy", the Madras High
Court said on May 16, 2020 in strongly-worded comments on the humanitarian
crisis sparked by lakhs of migrants frantically trying to return to home states
amid the coronavirus lockdown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With
public transport shut because of the lockdown as on 24th March midnight with
only four-hour notice, they had no choice but to walk hundreds, often thousands
of kilometres home, the High Court added. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In that process many people
died due to hunger and thirst and exhaustion; and some have died in horrific
accidents on the way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is human nature
that in an extreme difficult situation most of us want to be with near and dear
ones. Most of these migrants are seasonal ones, who have left their immediate
family in their place of origin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Central Government,
refusing to allow migrants to cross state borders on March 24, has now, after
six weeks, allowed them to return home via special trains. However, amid
controversy over tickets and booking, many migrants say these trains take too
long and therefore continue to walk to reach home. Further, migrants in a state
are not confined to a particular location, and they have to walk to the
designated stations to catch a train, since the central government has banned
the inter-state transportation since March 25th, 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now a big question: Who is
responsible for this “human tragedy” since the partition of the country in
1947:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Migrants, State or Centre?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P.S.
: The Supreme Court on May 15, 2020, one day ahead of the Madras High </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Court
verdict on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the migrants, dismissed a
plea seeking an order to the Government of India to look after the welfare of
the migrant workers who are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the move
amid nationwide lockdown. On the same day, however, the Supreme Court stayed
the Gujarat High Court judgment scrapping the election of BJP law and education
minister Bhupendrasinh Chudasama. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Earlier,
the Supreme Court on January 22, 2020 refused to stay the Citizenship
(Amendment) Act (CAA), saying it first wants to hear the Centre's response to
pleas challenging the law. The apex court also asked all high courts not to
pass any order on CAA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even after more
than four- months, we are still waiting to hear the SC verdict on CAA.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Commenting
on current status of the Supreme Court, ThePrint stated: “Supreme Court's
silence on important matters echoes its Emergency-era behaviour when it
crumbled and conformed to the ruling party's diktats.”</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">End</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Above question with a note I shared with 50 literate and middle-and-upper-middle
class people from the different walks of life.
Out of this, only six recipients found time to reply. This shows our long-standing
nature of indifference about the nation and its issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We call ourselves very patriotic citizens, really are we? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This, I
consider, is a main reason why foreign powers ruled us for more than 1500
years. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wonder that the rime is not far
away when we may be gain ruled by the outsiders in near future, unless we
change ourselves. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-53400322521112916882020-05-12T04:14:00.000-07:002020-05-12T08:16:32.127-07:00PM Modi’s Vision of “Self-reliant” Economy and Coronavirus Crisis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Devendra Kothari, Ph.D <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">When written in the Chinese
language, the word ‘crisis’ is composed of two characters: danger and opportunity.
In the state of panic, we must not overlook the opportunity this crisis may
have presented before us.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In just a few months the Coronavirus or the COVID-19 has
claimed more than a quarter of a million lives and disrupted economies
worldwide. <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">More
than 3.9 billion people or half of the world's population have now been asked
or ordered to stay at home by their governments to prevent the spread of the
deadly virus. The </span>Coronavirus<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>is, therefore, a reality now, and it is not going to
go away easily. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This is because t<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">here
is no perfect solution so far to end the pandemic. As long as the virus
persists somewhere, there’s a chance that one infected traveler will reignite
fresh sparks in countries that have already extinguished their fires. This is
already happening in China, Singapore, and other Asian countries that briefly
seemed to have the virus under control. Under these conditions, it appears that
the world has to play a protracted game of whack-a-mole with the virus, until
an effective treatment regime or vaccine could be developed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Hence, we have to learn to live with COVID-19 and at the
same time have to address problems caused by the virus induced<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lockdown including deterioating
economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The International Monetary Fund
described the global economic decline as the worst since the Great Depression
of the 1930s.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India
is no exception. With the nationwide lockdown imposed on March 25, 2020, the
fallout from the suspension of nearly all economic activities is expected to be
massive, as experts are predicting a significant slump in India’s growth for
the current fiscal. </span>The World Bank and credit rating agencies have
downgraded India's growth for fiscal year 2021 with the lowest figures India
has seen in three decades since India's economic liberalization in the
1990s. India's economy is expected to grow 1.5 per cent to 2.8 per cent in the
2020-21 fiscal which started on April 1, as noted in the South Asia Economic
Focus Report of The World Bank.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Within a month, unemployment rose from 6.7 per cent on March 15
to 26 per cent on April 19, 2020.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a> During
the lockdown, an estimated 14 crore (140 million) people lost employment. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
The Indian economy is expected to lose over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">₹</span></a><span class="nowrap"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">32,000
crore</span></span> (US$4.5 billion) every day during the lockdown
period. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In a
developing country like India, MSME industries (MSME stands for <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises)</span></strong>
are the backbone of the economy. The MSME sector contributes to 45 per cent of
India’s Total Industrial Employment, 50 per cent of India’s Total Exports and
95 per cent of all industrial units of the country and where more than 6000
types of products are manufactured. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When these industries grow, the economy of the
country grows as a whole and flourishes. The government has already issued an
advisory asking company not to lay off people during the lockdown period. Good
companies are already following this. The MSME sector, which is the largest
employment generator after agriculture, requires help. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It means the informal segment of economy is the worst hit in
this scenario, since they lack the cushion to cope with a lockdown. Around 800
million people of India are directly or indirectly depend upon the informal
sector for their survival. Currently, most of them are out of employment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How long it will take to recover the
economy, nobody knows. But one thing is sure that the coming times have to be
managed carefully.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Now the question arises as to how to manage this grave
crisis, which originated in Wuhan, the sprawling capital of central China’s
Hubei province. It is an international commercial center divided by the Yangtze
and Han rivers. The city contains many lakes and parks, including expansive,
picturesque East Lake where PM Narendra Modi met Chinese President Xi Jinping
for a two-day informal summit in April 2018.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Like its origin, the solution to the disruptive impact of
coronavirus crisis also lies in China. Here, the Chinese word for “crisis” as
being composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and
"opportunity", respectively. Whether one is looking this<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>crisis as a danger or an opportunity?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Some countries are looking in this ‘crisis’ to punish China
for its gross negligence in handling the Corona outbreak. And, here U.S.
President Donald Trump represents such a segment of countries. On a
naturalistic side, he may be right. There have been more than a million and
half infections with more than 75,000 coronavirus-related deaths in the U.S. so
far and the pandemic has shut down huge swathes of the economy. As a result, he
is seeking damages from Beijing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In contrast, some leaders think that never a ‘serious’
crisis go waste.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, PM Modi’s vision
needs an attention. He believes that the pandemic has thrown up new challenges
which the country never faced before, but it also offered fresh opportunities.
“The biggest message COVID-19 has given, the biggest lesson it has taught is to
become self-reliant,” Modi said while interacting with gram panchayat heads and
members to mark Panchayati Raj Day on April 24, 2020. But, as usual he or his
office did not spell out the agenda to be initiated to achieve it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Without entering into the ideological debate, we must think
as to how to implement the concept of ‘self-relent economy’, since this is the
only way to make a sustainable and inclusive India. Unlike other economies, a
self-reliant economy is the one which lay down a strong economic foundation to
satisfy most of the needs of the nation's economic development and the people's
living.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Before I discuss the selected action points to implement the
vision in the field, let me talk about why the goal of “self-reliant” economy
is needed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for
India’s survival. Consider some facts: India is heavily dependent on imports
from other countries especially from China. It is increasingly difficult to
manufacture goods, including machines, at a competitive cost in India. “Things
have come to such a pass that we now depend on China even for electric circuit
boxes; not too long ago we produced them in garages,” noted by Dipankar Gupta,
a renowned public intellectual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a
result, India’s trade deficit with China has increased significantly in recent
years. Bilateral trade between China and India touched US$89.6 billion in
2017–18, with the trade deficit widening to US$62.9 billion in China's favour.
In 2017, the volume of bilateral trade between India & China stands at
US$84.5 billion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>India's many
manufacturing sectors have a critical dependence on Chinese imports like drug
and auto industries. While the assembly of mobile phones in India has emerged
as a bright spot for the economy employing a sizable number of people over the
past four years, India still relies on imported parts from China for the
assembly because of the lack of an ecosystem of component manufacturers here. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The heavy dependence on the Chinese imports has
already weakened<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Indian economic
base; and it may now encroach upon India’s sovereignty. All these are having
impact on the level of employment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Indian economy is facing lots of problems, but main
problem is unemployment and under-employment. India’s unemployment rate in
October 2019 rose to 8.5 per cent, the highest level since August 2016, as per
the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy. The CMIE’s figures are in line with
the findings of the Periodic Labour Force Survey conducted by GoI, which had
estimated unemployment or jobless rate of 6.1 per cent between July 2017 and June
2018, the worst in 45 years.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To initiate the process “self-reliant” economy, India has to
focus on two problems: agrarian unrest and job crisis. Any durable solution to
agrarian unrest requires non-farm jobs. When a sector with less than 15 per
cent of GDP supports a population three times its size, we have a convergence
of rural and urban hopes: jobs. One cannot lift rural incomes without absorbing
at least two-thirds of those dependent on the farm in non-farm jobs. Further,
the nation needs to create 10-12 million jobs every year in the coming decades
to provide quality of life for its growing population. Young Indians,
particularly members of the emerging middle class - a billion strong by 2034 - have
rising aspirations, as per PWC.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The recent electoral mandate clearly indicates that Indians want socio-economic
development, and for this they do see hope in the PM Modi’s leadership. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generating jobs is, therefore, the biggest
issue that will lay foundation for “self-reliant" economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This would require changes in labour and land
laws, cutting corporate and general taxes to the level of East Asian countries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In addition, India has to improve the basic infrastructure
with special reference to the uninterrupted cheap power supply. There is a
positive relationship between job creation and availability of uninterrupted
cheap power supply. The review of the good quality statistical studies indicates
that that energy use is either the cause or the facilitator of economic growth.
The literature also suggests that the relationship between energy and economic
growth varies by country and within countries. Insufficient, unreliable or
costly access to power can be a binding constraint to business and job creation,
as noted in an evaluation study titled: What are the links between power,
economic growth and job creation? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The job creation is directly related with the production of
goods and services. Low productivity, however, makes Indian goods relatively
more expensive as compared to other exporting countries. Experts call it
premature ‘de-industrialization’, that is it is increasingly difficult for
countries to export their way to prosperity, because of a more competitive
environment for manufacturing globally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further,
we stand on the brink of a technological revolution that will fundamentally
alter the way we live, work, and relate to one another. In its scale, scope,
and complexity, the transformation will be unlike anything humankind has
experienced before. We do not yet know just how it will unfold, but one thing
is clear we must prepare ourselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Currently, there is a growing gap between job creation and the needs of
our machine-powered future, known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution. India,
therefore, has to embark upon a journey of continuous adjustments to develop,
utilise, and maintain human capital. Also, it should be a top priority for
India because of its demographic bulge, as noted in my policy monograph -
Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New India. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Nirmala UI"; mso-bidi-language: HI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It proposes
a strategy to unlock the human potential or formation of human capital based on
the capability approach; and it is christened as “HDPlus” (Human Development
Plus). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In short, there are many reforms that India are required to
achieve the goal of “self-reliant” economy, however, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>two reforms,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>as discussed above, are the need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hour. These are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Improving basic infrastructure with special
reference to <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">uninterrupted cheap power supply, and </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Unlocking
human potential to propel the formation of human capital<span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Nirmala UI"; mso-bidi-language: HI;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The
vision of “self-reliant” economy could be “The Roaring Twenties” for
India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that cannot be achieved
without peace, stability and effective governance. India has to create an
environment for the fundamentals of progress: infrastructure development, human
capital formation, rule of law, and so on. Interestingly, it also frees up
resources, both financial and human, that would otherwise be diverted to
controlling violence or maintaining law and order. Further, we have to recognise
that the solidarity of people is prerequisite for development. Here the issue
of communal harmony is very important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yet India is increasingly divided. The country has fallen into seemingly
endless cycles of conflict and violence. Further, economic growth in India
hinges on mobility of labour but there is little done in return for their
security and well-being, as we have seen during the lockdowns. An overwhelming
120 million people or more are estimated to migrate from rural areas to urban
labour markets, industries and farms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is an urgent need for solutions to transform migration into a more
dignified and rewarding opportunity. Lastly, any action agenda to achieve
self-reliance must be based on a participatory dialogue between Centre and
States.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">No doubt, achieving the vision of “self-reliant” economy is
an ultimate solution of India’s wide-ranging problems. But in the face of
COVID- 19 our<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>way-out could be somewhat
different, since our first priority is to manage the spread of virus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">India has been under the lockdown for the last seven weeks.
It has served its purpose, to initially limit the transmission of the disease,
sensitise people to the importance of social distancing, and provide time to
upgrade health infrastructure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Such efforts must continue,
but the time has come to lift the lockdown. The question of COVID-19 now is no
longer life versus livelihood, but livelihood for lives. </span>Recently, PM
Modi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>said<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>while extending the lockdown (No. 3) by
another two weeks (that is up to May 17) and stated the motto of the government
earlier was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'jaan hai to jahaan hai'</i>
(lives are important than livelihoods) but now his mantra is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘jaan bhi jahaan bhi'</i> (lives as well as
livelihoods). Hunger is the more desperate, deadly, and immediate of the two
alternatives, and hence it prevailed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">Currently, India has been
managing the virus through lockdown. It is an extreme social distancing
intervention available to break the chain of transmission and prevents spread
of the disease, however, it does not destroy or kill the virus but is an
important measure that flattens the peak of the epidemic, slows the growth of
the epi-curve and provides times to the health and social systems to mount a
response”, as noted by the Union Health Minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan. </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Given the
diversity of a country like us, it becomes essential to use this extreme
strategy judiciously”, he added.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Now the question arises: What
next? The total lockdown cannot be indefinite. The middle and upper class with
savings can survive but others are staggering. Even the middle class may lose
jobs at the current rate and struggle to survive. The government is well aware
and looking to get out of this situation. We can’t be locked down for such long
periods. Time to get back to work with abundant precautions is a need of the
hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This could help millions among us
from privations that Corona has already brought about.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">As testing goes up, and economic activity opens, India’s
coronavirus numbers may rise somewhat – authorities must refrain from getting
spooked by it. We can’t afford to neglect other health problems and economic
issues currently hidden by the Covid-19 dashboard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will say that lockdown must be lifted and
all economic activities and movement of the people should be allowed with
necessary precautions after 17th May except in the hotspots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In conclusion, the crisis of Coronavirus has taught us a lot
of things. Investment in public health, personal hygiene is the obvious ones.
However, there is one other big lesson. “That it sucks to be poor, particularly
during a crisis. Don’t let our obsolete mindsets keep India poor. It is time we
shift our national priorities from all the nonsense we focus on to one, and
only one goal – making India rich", as argued by the popular writer Chetan
Bhagat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During the last seventy years, India never tried seriously to
fix its core problem: Poverty. No doubt, it can be resolved through a
“self-reliant” economy. </span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For this,
India’s policy makers must start working on developing agenda as how to
implement the vision of “Self-reliant” economy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In sum, the vision of “self-reliant” economy and its proper
implementation will not only help PM Modi politically but India can also emerge
as a major gainer in the Post-COVID world. There would be opportunities for the
country, but we will miss them, if we do things in a short-sighted or half-
heartedly manner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
<hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Refer BBC article: Coronavirus: 'World faces worst
recession since Great Depression' at: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52273988"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52273988</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"> Read more at: </span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/covid-19-causes-severe-disruption-to-indian-economy-says-world-bank/articleshow/75104070.cms"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/covid-19-causes-severe-disruption-to-indian-economy-says-world-bank/articleshow/75104070.cms</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a> Vyas, Mahesh (21 April 2020). <a href="https://www.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=warticle&dt=2020-04-21%2010:40:01&msec=873"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">"Unemployment
rate touches 26%"</span></a>. <i>Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
(CMIE)</i><span class="reference-accessdate"><span style="color: black;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>Research, Centre for Policy. <a href="https://scroll.in/article/959756/podcast-how-has-indias-lockdown-impacted-unemployment-rates-and-income-levels"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">"Podcast:
How has India's lockdown impacted unemployment rates and income levels?"</span></a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate"><span style="color: black;">. Retrieved </span></span><span class="nowrap"><span style="color: black;">24 April</span></span><span class="reference-accessdate"><span style="color: black;"> 2020</span></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> As per msme.gov.in.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> In the context of a</span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;"> self-reliant economy</span></strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, the factors of production utilize the country’s
natural resources and labor to produce goods and services that can satisfy
consumer needs, and improve the living standards of the people. Furthermore, a
self-sufficient national economy guarantees equality in economic affairs, and
sovereignty. For details, refer: Inzamul Sepoy. 2019.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indian Economic Development, Delhi:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sepoy Publications.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Read more at: <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-unemployment-rate-3-year-high-cmie-data/article29855098.ece">https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-unemployment-rate-3-year-high-cmie-data/article29855098.ece</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a> PWC. 2017. Future of India - the Winning Leap,
PricewaterhouseCoopers India. Read more at: <a href="https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/future-of-india/future-of-india-the-winning-leap.pdf"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/future-of-india/future-of-india-the-winning-leap.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kothari, Devendra. 2019. Decoding Modi’s Resounding
Victory, India Currents (USA) at: </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://indiacurrents.com/decoding-modis-resounding-victory/">https://indiacurrents.com/decoding-modis-resounding-victory/</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> CDC. 2016. What are the links between power, economic
growth and job creation? Development Impact Evaluation, London: CDC Group <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>For details, see:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kothari,
Devendra. 2019. Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New
Delhi: Paragoan International Publishers. A copy of the publication could be
obtained by contacting author. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> For further
discussion on these issues, refer author’s article:<span class="Heading1Char"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> “</span></span><span class="e24kjd">After The Lockdown?” at: </span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/population-and-development-in-india/after-the-lockdown-11712/">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/population-and-development-in-india/after-the-lockdown-11712/</a><span class="e24kjd"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20115,%20May%202020/May%209th%20draft.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Read more at: <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/social-distancing-measures-cant-continue-forever-says-union-health-minister-harsh-vardhan/article31531956.ece">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/social-distancing-measures-cant-continue-forever-says-union-health-minister-harsh-vardhan/article31531956.ece</a><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-42294482069295321352020-04-08T03:50:00.000-07:002020-04-09T03:04:18.319-07:00After the lockdown: Need for a practical exit plan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Devendra
Kothari, Ph.D <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You enter strong and you exist strong,
you are going to be OK.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Chris Fareley, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #70757a;">American </span><span style="background: white;">Actor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">In the last post (</span><span class="e24kjd">Think</span><span class="e24kjd"> before you do! A
case study of managing Covid-19 in India<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span></span><span style="background: white;">, <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I discussed how India took the decision about
imposing total lockdown to fight CORONA- 19.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This post suggests some points which can be considered while preparing
an exit plan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">On March 24, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi announced a 21-day nationwide lockdown in
response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was in PM</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> Modi’s style
like hasty proclamation of Demonetization </span>on November 8,
2016. This un<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">precedented lockdown imposed at 00.00 hr on March 25,
2020, gave 1370 millions of Indians less than four hours to prepare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The unplanned lockdowns have created economic havoc in
the lives of the millions who are part of the informal sector – not just daily
wagers, but also workers of the gig economy.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
According to the Employment –unemployment <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Survey, 2015-’16, over 80% of India’s
workforce is employed in the informal sector. One-third is casual or daily workers.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">“The lack of clear risk
communication from top leadership and mixed messages from across the system
spooked the poorer migrants who chose to start uncertain journeys,” Kurian
says. “The exodus of migrants may have spread out the virus far and wide,
adding another layer to India’s problems.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Most experts agree
that a lockdown in India is necessary to contain the spread of COVID-19, but it
would have planned better. As India enters the final phase of lockdown which
began a fortnight ago, hope to exist plan will be better.</span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white;">What should be
done</span></b><span style="background: white;">? </span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">After fourteen days into the
nation-wide lockdown (March 24 to April 7, 2020),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>India is still wondering about its impact on
arresting the spread of COVID-19 and is bogged down by the enormity of the
tasks ahead, a question is being asked almost everywhere: will the lockdown, with
its huge impact on the economy too, be withdrawn on April 15? Since the 21-day
lockdown was announced on March 24 the number of COVID-19 positive cases in the
country has risen from 600 on March 25 to over 4000 on April 7, and the number
of deaths due to virus increased from 15 to more than 160. Thus, the number of
positives cases increased around seven times in the first two weeks of
lockdown. It means the community transmission stage is ‘inevitable’. Further,
we cannot neglect the economy. Thus, the number of positive cases increased
around seven times in the first two weeks of lockdown. Most of those who are
badly affected by the lockdown belong to India’s massive informal economy,
which employs about 424 million Indians, some 90% of the workforce, according
to data from the Ministry of Finance, GOI. Construction workers, auto-rickshaw
drivers, milkmen, vendors who sell vegetables and snacks from carts are all
part of this economy; most live on daily wages, do not receive any benefits and
work jobs that do not exist on paper.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Without entering into the debate,
the need of the hour is to bring Coronavirus spread under total control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No doubt, the dateline of ending announced 21
days lockdown is approaching fast. No one should be under the impression of the
complete lifting of lockdown from April 15 onwards. India can expect a phased
withdrawal of lockdown. How to implement it is a million-dollar question? For
this, the following points may be of some help: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1. <b>Follow Cluster approach:</b> Whether India should re-impose
total lockdown after the present one?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consider the following facts: India’s current population is estimated at
1.37 billion with a population density of 425 persons per square kilometer in
March 2020. Out of this around 350 million population was residing in large
cities with 100,000 people and more. So far overwhelming cases of COVID-19 were
reported from urban areas, especially from the large cities. It is, therefore,
one has to identify clusters or hotspots. Every City Municipal Commissioner and
the DM has all the information of clusters where the human density is large and
crowded with filth and squalor. Immediate steps to isolate these areas should
begin on a war footing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">After the
21-day lockdown is over, the infected clusters can continue with restrictions
while other parts of the country/city should be allowed to return to normalcy.
This will not only contain the virus in the hotspots but also allow economic
recovery. Authorities have already started identifying such clusters across in
UP, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, and Maharashtra. For example, a densely
populated Ramganj area, a small community of Jaipur walled city, recorded the
highest caseload anywhere in Rajasthan, and thus became the new epicenter of
the outbreak in Rajasthan. Such hotspots need special attention. In the next
few weeks, testing, tracing, isolation, and quarantine should be focussed on
these hotspots. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Use minimum labor
force and develop a new work culture: </b>India needs to be in fighting mode
until people get vaccinated while having minimal casualties. Govt. should come
out with a disaster management plan for discussion in public well before the
lockdown is lifted on 15th April. The endeavor should be to have a minimum
workforce on the ground at a time. My view is that one-third of the workforce
can perform all the activities of an organization or farm or mines. A rotation
system may be developed, and work from home should be encouraged. All places of
mass gathering and congregation may continue to remain shut for some more time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">3. <b>Encourage communal harmony: </b>After Markez incident, some
politicians tried to make the corona pandemic as Hindu-Muslim issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If someone is disturbing the social harmony
or creating obstacles against state efforts to control the virus, they must be
immediately punished in public under the relevant sections of the IPC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here the role of free and impartial Media is important to fight COVID-19
in India. Imagine, for a movement, a raging pandemic in India without credible
journalists to verify the facts, Rumors would become the only information
available. Amidst the uncertainty, fear would grow. The panic in society that
any government rightly fears, would be much worse without trusted facts to
counter it; and that is happening in present India. "There should always
be room for the argumentative Indian and not the intolerant Indian. The media
must be the watchdog, the mediator between the leaders and the public,"
Indian President Pranab Mukherjee emphasized while delivering a seminal lecture
honoring former press baron Ramnath Goenka some three years ago. His words are
very timely in the face of the growing threat of the Corona pandemic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In addition, as India has been battling the outbreak of the coronavirus
pandemic, at the same time the government has to contend with growing communal
polarization. It would be a significant move by GOI if all controversial issues
like CAA, NPR and NCR are put in the cold storage for one year or so. And our
PM Modi can take such a brave step in the national interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">4. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Enhance health spending: </b>Doctors in hospitals across India said the
lack of proper protective equipment available for medical staff, including
basic masks, meant that patients presenting with coronavirus symptoms were
being turned away. Doctors in Kolkata described how they were made to wear
plastic raincoats to examine possible coronavirus patients, while a doctor in a
Delhi hospital resorted to wearing a motorcycle helmet to cover his face.
Further, India is not well equipped with testing. This is where much work is
needed and India is behind. The number of tests performed has to escalate and
the return of results has to be prompt. Private partnerships may be necessary
to manufacture testing kits. One also needs to pay attention to disease
surveillance, monitor respiratory illness cases across the country look at
spikes in insurance claims due to such illnesses in the hotspot metro areas and
watch out for emerging hotspots and outbreaks. We cannot fight this war
blindfolded. For the future, set up disease surveillance, testing, contact
tracing, create a high alert pandemic response team. We need to build public
health forces and trained professionals across the country. Trust and invest in
science. India has to increase the health budget.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">India’s average expenditure
on health is far below that of other developing countries, showing it to be a
relatively low governmental priority. Health expenditure in India amounts to
3.7 percent of the GDP, of which only around a third is government expenditure.
This is substantially below the low- and middle- income country average of 5.4
percent, of which nearly half comes from the government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">India’s public expenditure
on health now stands at 1.28 percent of the GDP but even then, it is way lower
than the average expenditure by countries clubbed as among the
"poorest". More embarrassingly, the country’s public health
expenditure is lower when compared with other South-East Asian countries like
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, and Bhutan. It is
interesting to note that the government's own National Health Policy 2017
envisages increasing the health budget to 2.5 percent. We hope to see some
action around this in the current situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">5. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Strengthen Centre-State partnership: </b>Finally,
we have to recognize that Central government alone can’t fight corona alone.
Close cooperation of states is urgently needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The constitutional vision envisages that both the central and the state
governments must embrace a collaborative federal architecture by displaying
harmonious coexistence and interdependence. This crisis is an extraordinary
situation that required extraordinary coordination. It is, therefore, increased
coordination between states and the Centre, and among political parties, it is
essential.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Further, all states haven’t seen the same incidence of
positive cases. Moreover, there are significant regional differences in
economic structure. Therefore, it’s best if states are given leeway to tailor
an exit plan according to the local context. “The exit strategy will influence
both the economy and public health. It is essential to get it right.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>In sum, </b>the success of Janata
curfew’ demonstrated that people are willing to abide by government advisories
and especially the appeal made by the Prime Minister. But a 21-day national
lockdown on a four hours’ notice suddenly put millions of people at risk,
leaving many struggling with basic requirements of food and medicines. They
were left with a choice between the coronavirus infection and starvation.
Hunger is the more desperate, deadly, and immediate of the two alternatives,
and hence it prevailed. In the future, sufficient time should be given before
taking such decisions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> It is hoped that PM Modi will announce such an
exit plan which will help to rid of coronavirus and push the economic revival.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>Read at: <a href="https://kotharionindia.blogspot.com/2020/03/think-before-you-do-think-before-you-do.html">https://kotharionindia.blogspot.com/2020/03/think-before-you-do-think-before-you-do.html</a><span class="e24kjd"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: #111111;">The gig economy is
based on flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often involving connecting
with clients or customers through an online platform. Further, the gig economy
can benefit workers, businesses, and consumers by making work more adaptable to
the needs of the moment and demand for flexible lifestyles. </span><span style="color: #111111;">There is a wide range of positions that fall into the
category of a gig. For example, adjunct and part-time professors
are contracted employees as opposed to tenured or tenure-track
professors. America is well on its way to establishing a gig economy, and
estimates show as much as a third of the working population is already in some
gig capacity. Read more at: </span><a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gig-economy.asp">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gig-economy.asp</a><span style="color: #111111;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Refer: Read
more at: Report on Fifth Annual Employment - Unemployment Survey (2015-16).Read
more at: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/442589/report-on-fifth-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2015-16/">http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/442589/report-on-fifth-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2015-16/</a></span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span displaytext="ShareThis" st_processed="yes" st_url="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/442589/"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-size: contain; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Corona%20writings/Post%20exit%20plan%20corona.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">Refer article: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Modi's Hasty Coronavirus Lockdown of India Leaves Many Fearful for What
Comes Next by</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> Abhishyant Kidnangoor, TIME Magazine, March 31, 2020.
Read more at: </span><a href="https://time.com/5812394/india-coronavirus-lockdown-modi/">https://time.com/5812394/india-coronavirus-lockdown-modi/</a><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> <span style="color: #8b8d91; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-28095108620862698652020-03-31T09:49:00.003-07:002020-07-11T09:12:58.011-07:00Think before you do! Proclamation of lockdown in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Devendra
Kothari, Ph.D <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">P</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">opulation and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">“Don’t
just jump into action just because people are taking action. Know and
understand the next real action and reaction that will follow the action before
you take any action.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Ernest Agyemang Yeboah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">African
thinker and author<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">The phrase “think before you do” encompasses much more than
basic brain processing and is typically used to refer to think about the
possible outcomes of a situation/decision and make the best choice about what
to do. When one thinks before acting he/she must begin with the end in mind.
Essentially, by thinking before acting, one plans what will happen next. Sure,
the future is unpredictable but considering the circumstances, one may be able
to make a fair guess about what action will give the most favorable results. Everyone
or every nation has had that moment when the wrong thing was said or done and
sets off a series of undesirable events. Unfortunately, India has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>been in such a situation many times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">Epidemiologic models show we need aggressive measures in the early
phase of pandemic and measures like lockdown buys us time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This post is a case study of an announcement
of the Total Lockdown to control the spread of corona virus. The decision to
impose a total lockdown was taken by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and it was
welcomed by all. It, however, raises questions about the processes of
decision-making in democratic India.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">A Pneumonia</span><span style="background: white;"> of unknown cause detected in
Wuhan, China was first reported to the WHO (</span><span style="background: white;">World
Health Organization)</span><span style="background: white;"> Country Office in China on 31
December 2019. The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern on 30 January 2020. On 11 February 2020, WHO announced a
name for the new corona virus disease: COVID-19? It </span><span style="background: white;">is the product of natural evolution, according to findings
published in the in the journal <em>Nature Medicine.</em></span> However, i<em><span style="background: white; font-style: normal;">t is difficult to say from where it came. It is said that it is a part
of the biological warfare and it might have come from the Wuhan lab.<o:p></o:p></span></em></span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">As of April 7, 2020, nearly 1300,000 COVID-19 cases
have been documented in the world, although many more mild cases have likely
gone undiagnosed. The virus has killed over 36,400 people, as per the bulletin
of the WHO. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">India reported its first three positive cases of
COVID-19 in Kerala on January 31, 2020, all of whom were medical students who
had returned from Wuhan - the epicenter of the disease outbreak. All these
three have successfully recovered from the infection on February 14, 2020. The
transmission, however, escalated in the month of March, after several cases
were reported all over the country, most of which were linked to people with a
travel history to affected countries. On 12 March, a 76-year-old man who had
returned from Saudi Arabia became the first victim of the virus in the country.
Confirmed cases crossed 100 on 15 March, 500 on 24 March, 1,000 on 28 March and
1,500 on 31 March.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">So far no medicine or vaccine is available for its
treatment except isolation. India has been very proactive and taken the right
public health measures in terms of social distancing, and ensuring that the
chance of an infected person meeting a susceptible person goes down with such
interventions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">On 17 March, the GoI issued an advisory urging to
all Indian states to take social distancing measures as a preventive strategy.
On 22 March 2020, India observed a 14-hour voluntary public curfew or Janta
curfew at the insistence of the PM Modi. The response was great.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just after two days, on March 24, the prime
minister ordered a nationwide lockdown for 21 days, affecting the entire 1.38
billion population of India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Why 21 days? There are a scientific basis and
epidemiological meaning for this number. Its calculations are based on the
incubation period of the virus in a human host. The first 14 days are observed
as the incubation period. The next 7 days are added for the residual infection
to die out. Public health experts also say this is the most effective way of preventing
the spread of the infection from those already infected into the
community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, it was a decision based
on solid ground. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">It is too early to evaluate the decision of total
lockdown since it was taken just seven days ago that is on March 24, 2020.
Further, I agree with the Health Ministry Joint Secretary Lav Aggarwal that
“this is not the time to do fault finding”. I wish to make it very clear that
‘social distancing’ is the only way to control the spread of the coronavirus at
this stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, for its better
implementation, we must raise and analyse the issues faced so far. Also, this
analysis may help to design an existing plan. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">This un</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">precedented
lockdown imposed at 00.00 hr on March 25, 2020, gave 1370 millions of Indians
less than four hours to prepare.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">In his address to the nation, he
said “Forget about leaving home for the next 21 days. If you cross the
threshold of your house, you will invite the virus home.” It has thrown much of
the country into chaos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modi assured
Indians that essential services would continue, but was vague regarding how
people would be able to buy food and other necessary items. As a result, people
rushed to shops to stock up before the decree took effect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">No doubt, under lockdown, well-off
Indians isolated themselves in their houses, starting working from home, and
started receiving groceries at home. But outside their windows, it was a different
story. The lockdown has triggered a massive exodus of migrant laborers and
daily wage workers from cities back to the rural villages they are from—where
many won’t have to pay rent and food is cheaper. As a result, many people were
seen defying the lockdown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example,
with their livelihoods coming to a sudden halt after imposition of the
countrywide lockdown on 25th March 2020, thousands of daily wage workers and
labourers thronged the Delhi-Uttar Pradesh border, just after two days, in the
hope of reaching their homes in far-flung areas, notwithstanding the threat of
the spread of the coronavirus disease. Hordes of people, including women and
children, with their bags on their heads and backs, waited in long queues to
board buses at the Anand Vihar Interstate Bus Terminal, Dehli.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such scenes were seen throughout the country.
But there was no transportation. It is because public transport, including
operation of private buses, taxis, auto-rickshaws, among others were suspended.
Also, the movement of inter-state buses/trains/metro was suspended.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Due to such uncontrollable Jan
sailab (uncontrolled crowd), the purpose of 'social distancing' was somewhat
defeated. “Mass congregations like this carry the risk of spreading COVID-19
even further, says Oommen C. Kurian, head of the health initiative at the
Observer Research Foundation, an independent think-tank based in New Delhi. He
worries that migrants might carry the virus to rural areas, where health
infrastructure is weak, or even non-existent.” <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Further, the governance was
busy in looking after the welfare of migrant workers, their food, and shelter.
As a result, in spite of the Home Ministry warning some 15 days ago the
Nizamuddin Police Station, Dehli, just located just 50 meters from the mosque, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>could not stop Markaz gathering of more than
4, 000 people. Most of these participants were from other countries, especially
from Indonesia and Bangladesh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, the
Markaz became the major cause of corona spread not only in the capital of the
country but throughout the country. It was a total fault of the system failure,
which was asked to look after the welfare of the migrant workers in place of
maintaining law and order. And the country paid the heavy price of this action.
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> PM Modi
later apologized for the hardships caused by the lockdown but said the measures
were necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">India is a federal country.
The total lockdown was a test of collaborative federalism, but India failed.
Although initiatives have been announced by the central and many state
governments to alleviate the suffering of the poor during the lockdown, this mass
migration shows that the efforts of the central and the state governments have
either not been orchestrated in sync or have not been implemented properly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">“Unfortunately, no sincere
and strategic coordination between the Union and state governments were made to
give full effect to the national lockdown and its possible implications on
people’s lives. An inter-state coordination meeting of all chief ministers and
Chief secretaries should have been called at an initial stage, ideally in the
first week of March, to make a strategic plan on various preventive measures,
including the national lockdown and its possible repercussions’, as noted by
the Professor Law Singh and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his
colleague Nayak at the National Law University, Odisha<span style="background: white;">.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In conclusion, the government’s intentions to impose lockdown may have
been benevolent, but surely some thought should have been given by the top
policymakers to how this decision will impact the bulk of its supposed
beneficiaries. Could not special trains and even buses have been run to
transport migrant labour, students, tourists among others home, before the
lockdown?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The success of ‘Janata curfew’ demonstrated that people are willing to
abide by government advisories and especially the appeal made by the Prime
Minister. But a 21-day national lockdown on a four hours’ notice suddenly put
millions of people at risk, leaving many struggling with basic requirements of
food and medicines. They were left with a choice between the coronavirus
infection and starvation. Hunger is the more desperate, deadly, and immediate
of the two alternatives, and hence it prevailed. In the future, sufficient time
should be given before taking such decisions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">We'll do less damage, to ourselves and others, if we think before doing.
Henry Ford once said, “Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is probably
the reason so few engage in it.” His statement may be true and why it seems
that so many people don’t, but it really is not rocket science. If everyone
just put a little bit of effort into thinking about what to do, the world could
live in much more harmony, and the world would become a safer place to live.
The law of life of thinking before acting is something that can have
drastically different results. It can make us and the people that surround us
happy or when ignored can greatly upset us. Whether we choose to pay attention
to it or ignore it, this law of life can define who we are. So whenever you
want to do something, take a step back to really think and ask yourself: should
I, or should I not? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Refer:
naturemdicin</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">e,
Vol. 26(3), March 2020</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">It was a hasty decision taken in the PM Modi’s style
like his earlier proclamations. For example, he announced the Demonetization in
a live national televised address at 20:15 IST on November 16, 2016.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He declared circulation of all ₹500 and
₹1,000 banknotes as invalid with effect from the midnight of the same day.
Initially, the move received support from people. The move was, however,
criticised as poorly planned and unfair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">As quoted in Time’s article. Refer:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Modi's Hasty Coronavirus Lockdown of India Leaves Many Fearful for What
Comes Next by</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> Abhishyant Kidnangoor, TIME Magazine, March 31, 2020.
Read more at: </span><a href="https://time.com/5812394/india-coronavirus-lockdown-modi/"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">https://time.com/5812394/india-coronavirus-lockdown-modi/</span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">
<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <span style="background: white;">Delhi’s Markaz Tablighi Jamaat at Hazrat Nizamuddin
has become India’s largest hotspot of Coronavirus - spreading it to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at least seven states. At least three central
government departments were in the know of the event — including
intelligence branches, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and the Ministry of
External Affairs (MEA). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Within Delhi, the Hazrat Nizamuddin Police
Station is located right next to the Markaz mosque. It’s unlikely that the
authorities were unaware of the situation developing right in their
neighborhood. </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Read more at:</span><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/nizamuddin-coronavirus-hotspot-everyone-who-knew-about-the-religious-gathering-at-delhis-markaz-tablighi-jamaat/articleshow/74930784.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm;">https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/nizamuddin-coronavirus-hotspot-everyone-who-knew-about-the-religious-gathering-at-delhis-markaz-tablighi-jamaat/articleshow/74930784.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Blog%20file/Blog/Post%20%20113%20%20Lockdown%20decision.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Refer article: Coronavirus: Test of collaborative
federalism by Singh, YP and Ashirbad, Nayak at:
https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/comment/coronavirus-test-of-collaborative-federalism-819841.html</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-16475648081433602222020-02-11T00:06:00.000-08:002020-02-11T00:06:37.891-08:00$5 Trillion Dollar Economy through Human Development<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Devendra Kothari, Ph.D <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Weak human capital prepares us badly for the economy of
the future; and<span class="e24kjd"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
HDPlus strategy </span>is the process of formation of human capital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">Soon after assuming office for the second term in May
2019, Prime Minister Narendra Modi aimed for a 5 trillion dollar economy by
2024. </span>Earlier,
speaking at the release of BJP election manifesto in April 2019, PM Modi
said:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">India should aspire to be a developed country by 2047, the 100th
anniversary of its Independence”, </span>and added that his government “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">will lay the foundation for this in the next
five years” (2019-2024).</span> Both goals are
interrelated to make empowered India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">No doubt, a five trillion dollar economy will make India a global
economic powerhouse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will also help
in alleviating poverty.<span style="background: white;"> "…our ambition to become
economically strong has been driven more by our desire to become a less poorer
nation,” finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>said while delivering a lecture on 'Indian Economy: Challenges and
Prospects' at prestigious Columbia University's School of International and
Public Affairs on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>October 15, 2019.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An increasing GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is often seen as a
measure of development and economic success. The economy, according to Niti Aayog
CEO Amitabh Kant, needs to “grow (at) 8 per cent-plus year after year to become
a $5-trillion economy,” nearly double from its current $2.9 trillion. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pre-budget Economic Survey also said to
reach the magic $5-trillion; India needs to “sustain a real GDP growth rate of
8 per cent”. But that possibility looks to have been kicked into the long grass
with the Reserve Bank of India slashing its growth forecast for the financial
year 2019-20 to 5 per cent or less from an earlier estimate of 6.1 per cent,
citing weak domestic and internal demand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">So what India should do?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no secret that in the era of high
economic growth, India’s growth is much skewed and its benefits go
disproportionately to few people as gets manifested by Oxfam’s Wealth Report
(2019) which points out that during last year, “wealth of top 1 percent in
India increased by 39 percent whereas wealth of bottom 50 percent increased at
a dismal 3 percent”. </span>T<span style="background: white;">he concern raised by many experts is that the income
inequality in India is rising much faster than expected.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The top one per cent richest individuals in
India appropriated six per cent of total income in the early 1980s, and now, this
figure has gone up to twenty two per cent.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This suggests that wealth is not trickling down to the poor and India<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> is turning into a ‘republic of inequality’.</span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The results of the
cross country analysis indicate that the level of productivity is negatively
related to income inequality and that in turn pushes level of poverty.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Multidimensional Poverty Index (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MPI</span>),
developed by the Oxford <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Poverty</span> &
Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and UNDP, identifies <span style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">how people are being left behind across three key
dimensions: health, education and living standards, and 10 indicators –
nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, sanitation,
cooking fuel, drinking water, electricity, housing and assets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>According to the MIP report, <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
India has the highest multidimensional poverty after Afghanistan in South Asia.
Nearly 54 per cent of the Indian population is multidimensional poor compared
to 5 per cent in China.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are more
multidimensional poor people (421 million) in the eight poorest Indian states
(Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal than in 26 poorest African nations combined (410 M). <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white;">It means around</span> 700 million (70 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">crore</i>) out of the total population of <span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white;">1,370 </span></span>in 2019 can be
classified as deprived or <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vanchit</span> Indians</i>.
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">And, there is no wonder that the
World Bank ranked India at 115th out of 157 countries on the Human Capital
Index in 2018. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> HCI
seeks to measure the amount of human capital that a child born today can expect
to attain by the age of 18. According to its parameters a child born in India
today will only be 44 per cent as productive as she could have been if she had
enjoyed quality education and full health as well as better living environment
including water and sanitation. In other words, there are grave
deficiencies in India’s human development inputs that are preventing children
from reaching their full potential. As such, the productivity, measured as per
capita GDP,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is very low. <span style="background: white;">India
became the fifth largest economy in the world in terms of GDP in 2018 but still
it has a very-very low per capita GDP, as per IMF. It is placed at 119th
position among 185 countries.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Delhi School of
Economics professor Ram Singh says what help the economy could reach $5
trillion would be a near doubling of exports to $1 trillion annually. But
that’s a big ask as India’s export performance has been normally weak. In fact,
it is declining mainly d<span style="background: white;">ue to the low level of labour productivity. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">The goal of making India a USD 5 trillion economy by
2024 is difficult but not impossible.<span class="f"> </span> So what India
should be doing?</span>
The only way one can achieve the target by improving labour productivity or
human capital. Several recent studies have found that the higher is income
inequality within a country the more limited is the impact of growth on
reducing poverty. A study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Living
Standards, Canada uses several sources of international data on labour
productivity, poverty and income inequality, and finds that across the
developing countries for which data are available productivity growth plays a
substantial role in reducing poverty. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This conclusion suggests that developing
countries like India, in attempting to reach their poverty reduction
objectives, should pursue policies that foster productivity growth. However, a
strong social safety net is also required to ensure that the adjustment costs
that come with productivity increases do not fall disproportionately on the
poor and that all members of society realize the gains from growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It
is, therefore, an investment in people, especially who are deprived, is a need
of the hour because only educated, skilled and healthy or empowered manpower
can achieve the goal of 5 trillion dollar economy with inclusiveness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How
to empower people?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">people</span> have the potential to succeed.
Our job is to see the potential, find out what they lack to develop it, and
equip them with what they need.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here,
the capability approach, which was conceived as an alternative approach to
welfare economics by Amartya Sen and others, <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may be an effective strategy. It is an
approach that is focused on people and their opportunities and choices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">The </span>policy
monograph <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">- </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New India -</b> <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proposes a strategy to unlock the human
potential based on the capability approach; and it is christened as <b>“HDPlus”</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (Human Development Plus). </span> It is a dynamic agenda based on
a <b>‘whole child’</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>concept,
that is school-going child and his/her family (that is HDPlus family) should be
the fulcrum of human development efforts. <span style="background: white;">The</span> concept<span style="background: white;"> is being described by policies, practices, and
relationships which ensure that each child is healthy, educated, engaged,
supported and encouraged. For this, integrating the child and his or her family
more deeply into the day-to-day life of school and home activities represents
an untapped instrument for raising the overall achievements including learning
skills and health parameters, and hence improving overall productivity. In
other words, creating an enabling environment at family and school levels is a
way to empower people. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">To start with, t</span>he HDPlus
strategy focuses on five interventions in<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>a more closely integrated form. They are: Improving quality
of elementary education, Facilitating water and sanitation, Enhancing primary
health, Reducing gender gap, and Stabilizing population. Additional
interventions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may be added or given
interventions could be dropped from the list<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>looking at the needs of specific people/area. Hence, the strategy has
been termed as “HDPlus”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Implementing Strategy:</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Nature of Mass Poverty</span></i>” is a
book by John Kenneth Galbraith, Harvard Professor of Economics. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this book, Prof. Galbraith argues that “to
eliminate poverty, we must invest more than proportionately in the children of
the poor community (families).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">Now the question arises <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">how to identify the target population</i> or HDPlus families?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">India is committed
to compulsory free education for each child till the age of 14 years and so on.
Almost all children go to the school. Therefore, the real problem is perhaps
not with the question of access to education but rather it is about the quality
of education being provided. In India, there
are two types of schools – the government owned and aided ones, and the
privately owned schools. The government schools are indeed doing a commendable
job of making education available to a greater number of children since they
are everywhere and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are normally doing
it for free or for fees that are really within the reach of everyone. They are
of great help for people in urban areas too for whom it is impossible to get
their children to the more expensive private schools and in the rural areas;
perhaps, they are the only ways in which children can get educated and dream of
a better future. However, some teething problems do remain.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Most government
schools today, however, lack even the most basic requirements, such as class
rooms, desks, drinking water, etc. There are no separate toilets for boys and
girls. Broken window panes, furniture, fans and lights, paint and plaster
peeling off the walls, leaky roofs, stinking toilets and garbage piled up in
corners, children being taught sitting on the corridors due to lack of
classrooms, etc. are a common sight in most government schools across the
country. As such, Government schools in India mainly <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cater</span> to the very <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">poor</span>
section of the society. As per the Annual Economic Survey 2018, around 80
percent of students in the government primary/elementary schools are from the
weaker sections of the society. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="background: white;">Based on the findings of National Achievement
Survey 2017 (</span><span style="background: white;">NAS) and </span><span style="background: white;">Annual
Status of Education <em>Report 2017</em></span><span style="background: white;">
(ASER), it has been found that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“government
schools have become the schools of OBCs, Dalits and Muslims as every child who
can afford it has moved on to private schools.”</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The public elementary schools are, therefore, one of the most convenient
institutions for reaching the target population – Deprived Household.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After selecting students, the strategy will focus on their families and
provide all basic needs for better living including water, toilet, electricity,
cooking gas, primary health etc to promote human development. Further, efforts
will be made that all students complete compulsory education. In addition, it
will be assured that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they are well
prepared to read, write and be efficient in mathematics & basic digital
technology before moving to secondary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>education, thus will be laying down the foundation of human capital
formation, as shown below: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->To start with, the focus of the HDPlus strategy
will be on government-school-going children, aged 6 to 14 (that is I-VIII
standards), and their families to be known as HDPlus families. An effort will
be made to ensure total involvement of community/panchayat in the management of
school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]-->The focal point of governmental pro-poor schemes
along with HD interventions will be HDPlus families in order to create enabling
environment for human development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]-->The
strategy will be implemented by the government agencies with the help of
grassroots workers in collaboration with civil societies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Conclusion:
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">India has to address </span>root
causes of poverty and inequality in order to empower people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persistent poverty and inequality is not just
a violation of basic human rights of the people but it also undermines economic
growth of a nation by wasting talents and human resources. It leads to a skewed
society where power and decision-making remains in the hands of a few, leading
to greater conflicts and undermining social cohesion. And that is happening in
India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The paper argues that
there are grave deficiencies in human development endeavors in India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that are preventing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>children from reaching their full potential,
as noted by the Human
Capital Index of the World Bank (Box A).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What should be done? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">Commenting on the poor quality of human development,
measured in terms of HDI, Bill Gates and Ratan Tata<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(2016) rightly noted: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Human
capital is one of India’s greatest assets. Yet, the world’s fastest growing
economy hasn’t touched millions of Indian citizens at the bottom of the
economic pyramid”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span>For this, India has to empower its
people through a dedicated human development approach. For this, the paper
suggests a workable framework – HDPlus - as how to invest in the people for
enhancing productivity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in order to
achieve the goal of developed country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In sum, the HDPlus
strategy, which aimed to lay foundation for the human competency, should be
immediate priority of India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It provides
a workable process in achieving not only target of 5 trillion dollar economy
but also making an empowered<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>India in a
generation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[<span style="font-size: x-small;">1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Read more at:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/https:/economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indias-aim-of-being-a-5-trillion-economy-challenging-but-realisable-nirmala-sitharaman/articleshow/71621262.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst"><span style="color: windowtext;">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indias-aim-of-being-a-5-trillion-economy-challenging-but-realisable-nirmala-sitharaman/articleshow/71621262.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Refer at: <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/5-trillion-economy-hyperbole/cid/1724546"><span style="color: windowtext;">https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/5-trillion-economy-hyperbole/cid/1724546</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Chancel, Lucas and
Thomas Piketty. 2017.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Indian income
inequality, 1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WID, World Working Paper Series No. 2017/11,
World Inequality Lab, Paris School of Economics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also refer at: <a href="http://wid.world/document/chancelpiketty2017widworld/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://wid.world/document/chancelpiketty2017widworld/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> DiPietro, William
R. 2014.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Productivity Growth and Income
Inequality,” Journal of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 2 (3): 01-08.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">Refer OPHI Global
Multidimensional Poverty Index 2016 at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304077733_OPHI_Global_Multidimensional_Poverty_Index_2016<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Refer Economic times at: </span><a href="https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/indicators/8-indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-african-nations/articleshow/6159095.cms" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: windowtext;">https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/indicators/8-indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-african-nations/articleshow/6159095.cms</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">:</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white;">India</span></span><span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white;"> is the second most populated
country of the world after China. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Population</span> of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">India</span> is projected close to 1.37
billion or 1,369 millions in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2019</span>,
compare to 1.354 billion in 2018. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Population</span> growth
rate for <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2019</span> is
projected at 1.08%. For details, refer at: </span></span><a href="http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-india.php"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-india.php</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Refer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2018 Human Development Index (HDI) at:
https://www.onlinegk.com/news-and-tips/2018-human-development-index-(hdi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<pre style="background: #F8F9FA; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white;">Centre for the Study of Living Standards. 2003.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Productivity Growth and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries, CSLS Research Reports<span style="background: white;"> 2003-06, Centre for the Study of Living Standards,</span> Ottawa, Download at : <a href="http://www.csls.ca/reports/10-03-05_poverty.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.csls.ca/reports/10-03-05_poverty.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<h5 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext;">
Sen, Amartya. 1985. <cite>Commodities
and capabilities,</cite> Amsterdam: North-Holland. Also refer: Nussbaum,
Martha and Amartya Sen. 1993. The Quality of life, New York: Oxford University
Press.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h5>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">For details,
see:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Kothari, Devendra.
2019. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New Delhi: Paragoan International
Publishers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Galbraith,</span></strong><em><b> </b></em><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">John Kenneth. 1979. </span></strong><em>The Nature of Mass
Poverty</em><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, Cambridge: Harvard University
Press.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Kothari, Devendra.
2017. “Managing school education in India”, in Administrative Change, Vol. XLIV
(2): 78-89.<span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Economic Survey
is an annual document of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It
reviews the developments in the Indian economy over the previous 12 months,
summarizes the performance on major development programs, and highlights the
policy initiatives of the government. It also highlights the prospects of the
economy in the short to medium term. Refer: Economic Survey<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> of India, Vol. 2, at: </span><a href="https://insightgovtexam.com/economic-survey-2018-pdf-download/"><span style="color: windowtext;">https://insightgovtexam.com/economic-survey-2018-pdf-download/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white;">Refer </span><b>National</b> <b>Achievement</b> <b>Survey</b>(<b>NAS</b>)
<b>at:</b> <b>http://nas.schooleduinfo.in/</b><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/dk%20ariticles%20revised/Post%20110,%205%20trillion%20dollar%20eco.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white;">Gates,
Bill and Ratan Tata. 2016,</span><span style="background: white;"> “New nutrition report underscores the importance of
leadership in addressing stunting in India”, Times of India. Refer <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at: </span><a href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/new-nutrition-report-underscores-the-importance-of-leadership-in-addressing-stunting-in-india"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/new-nutrition-report-underscores-the-importance-of-leadership-in-addressing-stunting-in-india</span></a><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-27049342408731340042020-01-20T02:02:00.000-08:002020-01-20T02:29:36.714-08:00HDPlus strategy: A process of alleviating poverty<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Devendra
Kothari, Ph.D <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The HDPlus strategy offers a
way forward to alleviate poverty by focusing on human development. It <span style="background: rgb(254 , 254 , 254); color: #141414;">is based on an old saying, usually attributed to
Confucius that goes something like:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>"Give a man a fish and you'll feed him for a day. Teach a man to
fish and you've fed him for a lifetime."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Abstract:</b> The paper, based on the secondary data,
proposes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HDPlus strategy to increase
human competency through investing in people. The Human competency means the quality
of being adequately qualified physically and intellectually. Though the
proposed strategy is based on the India’s experiences, it can be applied
anywhere in the developing world not only to alleviate poverty and reduce
inequality but also in accomplishing sustainable and inclusive development. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, <span lang="EN-IN">the deadline
for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is approaching. We have a
responsibility to make sure we fulfill the promise we made as United Nations
Member States in 2015 to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure
that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. Here, the HDPlus </span>strategy could be a decisive adjunct to
achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The strategy directly contributes to SDGs 3,
(good health and well-being), SDGs 4 (quality education), SDGs 5 (gender
equality), and SDGs 6 (clean water and sanitation), and all these contribute in
enhancing productivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, higher
productivity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>helps in reducing
inequality (SDGs 10)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in order to
achieve the supreme goal of SDGs “No Poverty" (SDGs 1). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<pre style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Invest in People, Reduce Poverty:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In a thought provoking article – Our
Precarious Progress on Poverty - Bill and Melinda Gates make an excellent point
that the world is facing a tragic stalling in the fight against poverty. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Their
diagnosis is sound: “violent conflict, severe climate change and broken health
and education systems” are the new keys to poverty. Also, their
prescription is effectual:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“investments in people, especially
their health and education, and in innovation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is because poverty is a feature of life only where people’s
opportunities to overcome it are brutally limited. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Also, investing in people (that is
human development) is a most effective approach to achieve sustainable and
inclusive development. In other words, there are multiple dimensions of
investing in people approach that focuses on people, their opportunities and
choices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But how to apply Gates’
‘prescription’ at the ground level is not clear. The paper proposes a workable <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strategy to alleviate poverty by empowering
people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Poverty describes the condition of
being unable to earn enough income to pay for basic needs like shelter and
sustenance. It is a relative term but various agencies as IMF and World Bank
have decided standards for poverty. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Income</span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">inequality, on the other hand, </span>relates
to the degree to which material resources are disproportionately distributed. Although a person who experiences
poverty may suffer from inequality, every person who faces inequality is not
impoverished. In short, inequality directly affects the amount and severity of
poverty within a nation or region. Countries that have greater inequality often
have many citizens living in poverty. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">While there has been impressive
progress made towards reducing poverty due to strong growth and resilience in
the world, there are domains of extreme poverty in many parts of the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further, progress to alleviate poverty has
been limited or slow in certain regions, such as South Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa, which account for 80 per cent of the people living in extreme poverty,
as per the United Nations. This rate is expected to rise due to new threats
brought on by climate change, conflict and food insecurity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">That
may be the reason why the focal point of the UN Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) is to alleviate poverty through empowering people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SDGs are a universal set of 17 goals with
169 corresponding targets that were agreed upon by UN member countries in 2015
to solve some of humanity’s biggest challenges within 15 years. Among these,
ending poverty in all its forms is a most important one (SDG 1: No Poverty).
The SDGs aim to end poverty by increasing access to education, focusing on
primary health and sanitation, combating climate change, and reducing
inequality. In other words, the UN considers that alleviating poverty is a
multidimensional task; however, it does not suggest a way out.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">The paper proposes a strategy, based on the Indian
experiences, which can be applied to alleviate poverty not only in India but
elsewhere. It is based on the assumption that building up Human Capital is an
important way to ease or relieve poverty and inequality. HC is a measure of the
skills, education, capacity and attributes of people which influence their
productivity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and earning potential. To
develop the process of human capital formation, one has to focus on Human
Development, which is </span>defined as the process of enlarging people's freedoms and
opportunities and improving their well-being, especially those who <span lang="EN-IN">are living in a
vulnerable situation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">India
as a case study: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">There is no secret that India's growth is much skewed and its
benefits go disproportionately to few people as gets manifested by Oxfam’s
Wealth Report (2018) which points out that the nine richest Indians own as much
wealth as the bottom 50 per cent of the population. Commenting on this, the </span>Oxfam International Executive
Director Winnie Byanyima said: "If this obscene inequality between the top
1 percent and the rest of India continues then it will lead to a complete
collapse of the social and democratic structure of this country."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further, <span style="background: white;">the income inequality in India is
rising much faster than expected.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The top one per cent richest individuals in
India appropriated six per cent of total income in the early 1980s, and now,
this figure has gone up to twenty two per cent, as per the study entitled:
“Indian income inequality, 1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?”. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This suggests that wealth is not trickling
down to the poor and India is a home of a very large number of poor people.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">Most countries around the world
define poverty as the lack of money. However, the poor themselves consider
their experience of poverty much more broadly, as noted by the Multidimensional
Poverty Peer Network (MPPN). </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN"> A
person who is poor can suffer multiple disadvantages or deprivations at the
same time – for example they may have poor health or malnutrition, a lack of
clean water or electricity, poor quality of work or little/poor schooling.
Focusing on one factor alone, such as income, is not enough to capture the true
reality of poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The
Multidimensional Poverty Index (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MPI</span>),
developed by the Oxford <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Poverty</span> &
Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and UNDP, identifies <span style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">how
people are being left behind across three key dimensions: health, education and
living standards, and 10 indicators – nutrition, child mortality, years of
schooling, school attendance, sanitation, cooking fuel, drinking water,
electricity, housing and assets. </span>The
MIP methodology shows areas in which the poor are deprived and helps to
identify inter-connections among those deprivations. It means, the
multidimensional poverty measures can provide a way out as how to alleviate
poverty, and this enables policymakers to target resources and design policy
more effectively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">According to the 2016 report, <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> India
has the highest multidimensional poverty after Afghanistan in South Asia.
Nearly 54 per cent of the Indian population is multidimensional poor compared
to 5 per cent in China.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are more
multidimensional poor people (421 million) in the eight poorest Indian states
(Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal than in 26 poorest African nations combined (410 M). <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white;">It means around</span> 700 million (70 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">crore</i>) out of the total population of <span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">1,370 </span></span>in 2019 can be classified as
deprived or <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vanchit</span> Indians</i>.
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">And, there is no wonder that the World Bank ranked
India at 115th out of 157 countries on the Human Capital Index in 2018. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> HCI
seeks to measure the amount of human capital that a child born today can expect
to attain by the age of 18. According to its parameters a child born in India today
will only be 44 per cent as productive as she could have been if she had
enjoyed quality education and full health as well as better living environment
including water and sanitation. In other words, there are grave
deficiencies in India’s human development inputs that are preventing children
from reaching their full potential. As such, the productivity, measured as per
capita GDP,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is very low. <span style="background: white;">India became the
fifth largest economy in the world in terms of GDP in 2018 but still it has a
very-very low per capita GDP, as per IMF. It is placed at 119th position among
185 countries (Table 1).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Table 1 <span lang="EN-IN">Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and Per Capita GDP, 2018 </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Country <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.5pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Gross
Domestic Product<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.5pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Per
Capita GDP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">World
rank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In
billion Int$<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">World
rank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In Int$<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">USA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">21,439</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">62,606</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">China </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">14,140</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">73</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">18,110</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Japan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">5,254<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">28<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">44.,225<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">Germany </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">3,863</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">52,559</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-IN">India </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">2,935</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">119<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">7,874</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">UK </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">2,743</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">45,705</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">France </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">2,707</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">45,775</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">Italy </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">1,988</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">39,637</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">Brazil </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">1,847</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">80</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">16,154</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.4pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN">Canada </span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.8pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">1,731</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);">49,651</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 473.4pt;" valign="top" width="631"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext;">International Monetary Fund</span></a><span style="background: white;"> ,2018</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Therefore, poverty in India is
absolutely huge. The only way one can reduce it by improving productivity.
Previous literature and empirical work provides a strong consensus that growth
reduces poverty, and several recent studies have also found that the higher is
income inequality within a country the more limited is the impact of growth on
reducing poverty. But in dynamic economies (like the East Asian or Tiger economies</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">)
most economic growth comes from productivity growth, and few studies have
tested the relationships between productivity growth, poverty and inequality. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A study conducted by the Centre for the Study
of Living Standards, Canada uses several sources of international data on
labour productivity, poverty and income inequality, and finds that across the
developing countries for which data are available productivity growth plays a
substantial role in reducing poverty. </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This effect is also found to be stronger in
countries with relatively low income inequality. Furthermore, “productivity
growth is found to account for changes in poverty better than the more commonly
used economic growth”. This conclusion suggests that developing countries like
India, in attempting to reach their poverty reduction objectives, should pursue
policies that foster productivity growth. However, a strong social safety net
is also required to ensure that the adjustment costs that come with
productivity increases do not fall disproportionately on the poor and that all
members of society realize the gains from growth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is, therefore,
an investment in people, especially who are deprived, is a need of the hour
because only educated, skilled and healthy or empowered manpower can reduce the
level of inequality which is responsible for high level of poverty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">How to empower people? All people have the potential to succeed. Our job is to see the potential, find out what they lack to develop it, and equip them with what they need. Here, the capability approach, which was conceived as an alternative approach to welfare economics by Amartya Sen and others, <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn12">[12]</a> may be an effective strategy. It is an approach that is focused on people and their opportunities and choices.</span></div>
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</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The policy monograph - Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New India - <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn13">[13]</a> proposes a strategy to unlock the human potential based on the capability approach; and it is christened as “HDPlus” (Human Development Plus). It is a dynamic agenda based on a ‘whole child’ concept, that is school-going child and his/her family (that is HDPlus family) should be the fulcrum of human development efforts. The concept is being described by policies, practices, and relationships which ensure that each child is healthy, educated, engaged, supported and encouraged. For this, integrating the child and his or her family more deeply into the day-to-day life of school and home activities represents an untapped instrument for raising the overall achievements including learning skills and health parameters, and hence improving overall productivity. In other words, creating an enabling environment at family and school levels is a way to empower people (Box A). </span></div>
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</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To start with, the HDPlus strategy focuses on five interventions in a more closely integrated form. They are: Improving quality of elementary education, Facilitating water and sanitation, Enhancing primary health, Reducing gender gap, and Stabilizing population. Additional interventions may be added or given interventions could be dropped from the list looking at the needs of specific people/area. Hence, the strategy has been termed as “HDPlus”.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">Box A: HDPlus strategy at a glance</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 473.4pt;" valign="top" width="631"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">HDPlus strategy presumes that the
promise inside Laxmi is greater than the poverty around her.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO-5AnbF9fTcgRPLvNwSIGgJ9wPwGUuBlpG2E-AdJkKKmbR91GMSMH2WjkDrXGLusgXiIUyfa-RVEo0dd5BqlK_lXh11pO3paLEyNVicOJOrKqeT30wOVuE-zZ4uM6e9af1eFXY5UfXfc/s1600/HDPlus+child+Bhanwari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO-5AnbF9fTcgRPLvNwSIGgJ9wPwGUuBlpG2E-AdJkKKmbR91GMSMH2WjkDrXGLusgXiIUyfa-RVEo0dd5BqlK_lXh11pO3paLEyNVicOJOrKqeT30wOVuE-zZ4uM6e9af1eFXY5UfXfc/s1600/HDPlus+child+Bhanwari.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">Laxmi doesn’t know what she wants
to be when she grows up, and that’s just fine. At age nine, her job is to play, grow and
learn. But for kids like her in the deprived households, poverty gets on the
way.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">HDPlus strategy aims to make sure
that such children grow up healthy, educated, self-sufficient and safe thus
promoting human capital.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">For
this, HDPlus strategy focuses on education, health, water and sanitation,
gender equality and small-family in an integrated mode at the family level.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Source: </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Kothari,
Devendra. 2019. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New Delhi: Paragoan
International Publishers.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Implementing HDPlus Strategy: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“The Nature of Mass Poverty” is a book by John Kenneth Galbraith, Harvard Professor of Economics. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn14">[14]</a> In this book, Prof. Galbraith argues that “to eliminate poverty, we must invest more than proportionately in the children of the poor community (families).” Now the question arises how to identify the target population or HDPlus families? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
India is committed to compulsory free education for each child till the age of 14 years and so on. Almost all children go to the school. Therefore, the real problem is perhaps not with the question of access to education but rather it is about the quality of education being provided.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In India, there are two types of schools – the government owned and aided ones, and the privately owned schools. The government schools are indeed doing a commendable job of making education available to a greater number of children since they are everywhere and are normally doing it for free or for fees that are really within the reach of everyone. They are of great help for people in urban areas too for whom it is impossible to get their children to the more expensive private schools and in the rural areas, perhaps, they are the only ways in which children can get educated and dream of a better future. However, some teething problems do remain.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span></span></a></div>
</span><br />
<pre style="background: #F8F9FA; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></o:p></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Most government schools today, however,
lack even the most basic requirements, such as class rooms, desks, drinking
water, etc. There are no separate toilets for boys and girls. Broken window
panes, furniture, fans and lights, paint and plaster peeling off the walls,
leaky roofs, stinking toilets and garbage piled up in corners, children being
taught sitting on the corridors due to lack of classrooms, etc. are a common
sight in most government schools across the country. As such, Government
schools in India mainly <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cater</span> to
the very <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">poor</span> section of the
society. As per the Annual Economic Survey 2018, <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>around 80 percent of students in the
govt. elementary schools are from the weaker sections of the society. <span style="background: white;">Based on the findings of National Achievement Survey
2017 (</span><span style="background: white;">NAS) and </span><span style="background: white;">Annual Status of Education <em>Report 2017</em></span><span style="background: white;"> (ASER), it has
been found that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“government schools have
become the schools of OBCs, Dalits and Muslims as every child who can afford it
has moved on to private schools.”</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;">The public elementary schools are, therefore, one of the most
convenient institutions for reaching the target population – Deprived Household.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">After
selecting students, the strategy will focus on their families and provide all
basic needs for better living including water, toilet, electricity, cooking
gas, primary health etc to promote human development. Further, efforts will be
made that all students complete compulsory education. In addition, it will be
assured that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they are well prepared to
read, write and be efficient in mathematics & basic digital technology
before moving to secondary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>education,
thus will be laying down the foundation of human capital formation, as shown below:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To start with, the focus of the HDPlus strategy
will be on government-school-going children, aged 6 to 14 (that is I-VIII standards),
and their families to be known as HDPlus families.</span> </li>
</ul>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The focal point of governmental pro-poor schemes
along with HD interventions will be HDPlus families in order to create enabling
environment for human development.</span> </li>
</ul>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The
strategy will be implemented by the government agencies with the help of
grassroots workers in collaboration with civil societies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Box B summarizes the modus operandi of the HDPlus
Strategy.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Govt. Primary/Elementary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>School</span></b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ensure total involvement
of community/panchayat in the management of school.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Select<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all students (As per the Annual Economic
Survey 2018, around 80% of students in the govt. elementary schools are from
the weaker sections of the society.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">HDPlus Family</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">After selecting school students,
go to their families and provide all basic necessities<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for better living: water, toilet,
electricity, cooking gas, primary health among others, if they are not
having.</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Human Competency</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>All these will ensure
that the 8th graders are well prepared to read, write and be efficient
in mathematics & basic digital technology before moving to further
education, thus initiating the process of building human capital.</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Conclusion:
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The paper argues that there are grave
deficiencies in human development endeavors in the developing economies like
India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that are preventing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>children from reaching their full potential,
as noted by the Human
Capital Index of the World Bank.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What
should be done? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white;">Commenting on
the poor quality of human development, measured in terms of HDI, Bill Gates and
Ratan Tata<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(2016) rightly noted:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Human capital is one of India’s
greatest assets. Yet, the world’s fastest growing economy hasn’t touched
millions of Indian citizens at the bottom of the economic pyramid”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span>For this, India has to empower its
people through a dedicated human development approach. For this, the paper
suggests a workable framework – HDPlus - as how to invest in the people for
enhancing productivity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in order to
reduce the level of poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Further,
HDPlus strategy could be a decisive adjunct to achieve the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs)
2030. The strategy
directly contributes to SDGs 3, (good health and well-being), SDGs 4 (quality
education), SDGs 5 (gender equality), and SDGs 6 (clean water and sanitation),
and all these contribute in enhancing productivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, higher productivity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>helps in reducing inequality (SDGs 10)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in order to achieve the supreme goal of SDGs
-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Eradicating poverty in all its
forms" (SDGs 1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In sum, the HDPlus strategy, which aimed to lay
foundation for the human competency, should be immediate priority of countries
like India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It provides a workable
process in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals on or before the
target year of 2030.<span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="css-1baulvz">
Bill </span>and
<span class="css-1baulvz">Melinda Gates, “</span>Our precarious Progress on
Poverty”, The New York Times, Sunday Review, September
23, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2018.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The most widely
held and understood definition of absolute poverty measures poverty strictly in
economic terms — earning less than $1.90 a day. But the UNDP and World Bank go
beyond the amount of money a person or family earns to expand the definition of
poverty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, multidimensional
poverty measures can be used to create a more comprehensive picture. They
reveal who is poor and how they are poor – the range of different disadvantages
they experience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #4f81bd; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">Refer at:</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.sdgfund.org/goal-1-no-poverty">https://www.sdgfund.org/goal-1-no-poverty</a></span></span> </span></h3>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Chancel, Lucas and
Thomas Piketty. 2017.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Indian income
inequality, 1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WID, World Working Paper Series No. 2017/11,
World Inequality Lab, Paris School of Economics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Refer at: <a href="https://mppn.org/multidimensional-poverty/what-is-multidimensional-poverty/">https://mppn.org/multidimensional-poverty/what-is-multidimensional-poverty/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #365f91; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal;">Refer OPHI Global
Multidimensional Poverty Index 2016 at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304077733_OPHI_Global_Multidimensional_Poverty_Index_2016<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="background-color: white;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">Refer Economic times at: </span><a href="https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/indicators/8-indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-african-nations/articleshow/6159095.cms" style="background-color: white;">https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/indicators/8-indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-african-nations/articleshow/6159095.cms</a><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">India</span></span><span class="e24kjd"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"> is the second most populated country of the world after
China. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Population</span> of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">India</span> is projected close to 1.37
billion or 1,369 millions in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2019</span>,
compare to 1.354 billion in 2018. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Population</span> growth
rate for <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2019</span> is
projected at 1.08%. For details, refer at: </span></span><a href="http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-india.php">http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-india.php</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Post%20109%20A.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Refer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2018 Human Development Index (HDI) at:
https://www.onlinegk.com/news-and-tips/2018-human-development-index-(hdi)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span>(10) A tiger economy is a
term used to describe several booming economies in Southeast Asia. The
Asian tiger economies typically include Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and
Taiwan. Sometimes China is mentioned as an Asian tiger. They are high-growth economies
that have transitioned from predominately agrarian and poor societies of the
1960s to industrialized and inclusive nations by focusing on human development
at the initial state of economic transformation.</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">Centre for the Study of Living Standards. 2003.</span> Productivity Growth and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries, CSLS Research Reports<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"> 2003-06, Centre for the Study of Living Standards,</span> Ottawa, Download at : <a href="http://www.csls.ca/reports/10-03-05_poverty.pdf">http://www.csls.ca/reports/10-03-05_poverty.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
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<h5 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #243f60; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> Sen, Amartya. 1985.
<cite>Commodities and capabilities,</cite>
Amsterdam: North-Holland. Also refer: Nussbaum, Martha and Amartya Sen. 1993.
The Quality of life, New York: Oxford University Press. </span></h5>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>For details,
see: <span style="background: white;">Kothari, Devendra.
2019. </span>Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New Delhi: Paragoan International
Publishers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> <strong>Galbraith,</strong><em> </em><strong>John Kenneth. 1979. </strong><em>The Nature of Mass
Poverty</em><strong>,
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> Kothari, Devendra.
2017. “Managing school education in India”, in Administrative Change, Vol. XLIV
(2): 78-89.<span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> Economic Survey is
an annual document of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It reviews
the developments in the Indian economy over the previous 12 months, summarizes
the performance on major development programs, and highlights the policy
initiatives of the government. It also highlights the prospects of the economy
in the short to medium term. Refer: Economic Survey of India, Vol. 2, at: <a href="https://insightgovtexam.com/economic-survey-2018-pdf-download/">https://insightgovtexam.com/economic-survey-2018-pdf-download/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Refer </span><b>National</b> <b>Achievement</b> <b>Survey</b>(<b>NAS</b>)
<b>at:</b> <b>http://nas.schooleduinfo.in/</b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span> <span style="background: white;">Gates,
Bill and Ratan Tata, 2016,</span><span style="background: white;"> “New nutrition report underscores the importance of
leadership in addressing stunting in India” at: </span><a href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/new-nutrition-report-underscores-the-importance-of-leadership-in-addressing-stunting-in-india"><span style="background: white;">https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/new-nutrition-report-underscores-the-importance-of-leadership-in-addressing-stunting-in-india</span></a><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-58107850160788601372019-12-21T20:48:00.000-08:002020-01-08T06:17:36.262-08:00HDPlus Strategy: A process of alleviating poverty by investing in people (HDPlus रणनीति: लोगों में निवेश करके गरीबी दूर करने की एक प्रक्रिया)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Devendra
Kothari, Ph.D <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Population and Development Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forum for Population Action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The HDPlus strategy offers a way forward to alleviate poverty by focusing on human development. It is based on an old saying, usually attributed to Confucius that goes something like: "Give a man a fish and you'll feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you've fed him for a lifetime."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><b> PLEASE SEE THE NEXT POST</b></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3578136436068731910.post-39639474766498888092019-11-23T21:09:00.000-08:002019-11-23T21:09:29.998-08:00HDPlus Strategy: Rotary’s framework to alleviate poverty (HDPlus रणनीति: गरीबी को कम करने के लिए रोटरी की रूपरेखा)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Devendra
Kothari, Ph.D <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">District
Chairman,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Human Resources Development Committee,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RID 3054 (2019-20).</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">“The
mission of The Rotary Foundation is to enable Rotarians to advance world
understanding, goodwill, and peace through the improvement of health, the
support of education, and the alleviation of poverty.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rotary
International<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<pre style="background: #F8F9FA; text-align: center;"><span class="e24kjd"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">HDPlus strategy is a process of empowering people to alleviate poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI;">(</span><span class="e24kjd"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">HDPlus</span></span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> <span style="color: #222222;">रणनीति</span></span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">गरीबी</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">को</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">कम</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">करने</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">के</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">लिए</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">लोगों</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">को</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">सशक्त</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">बनाने</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">की</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">एक</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">प्रक्रिया</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Nirmala UI","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">है।</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Nirmala UI"; mso-bidi-language: HI;">)</span><span class="e24kjd"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mission of HDPlus strategy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The article explores role of the Rotary
in the post-PolioPlus epoch.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In a thought provoking article – Our
Precarious Progress on Poverty - Bill and Melinda Gates make an astonishing
point that the world is facing a tragic stalling in the fight against extreme
poverty. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their diagnosis is sound: “violent
conflict, severe climate change and broken health and education
systems” are the new keys to poverty. Also, their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prescription</b> is effectual:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">investments
in people, especially their health and education, and in innovation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is because extreme poverty is a feature of
life only where people’s opportunities to overcome it are brutally limited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">But how to apply the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘prescription’<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>at the ground level is</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> not clear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">While there has been impressive
progress made towards reducing poverty due to strong growth and resilience in
the world, there are large domains of extreme poverty in the Sub-Sahara and
South Asian countries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, India is
still a home to very large number of the poor. Alleviating poverty in its all
forms in these regions remains one of the greatest challenges facing humanity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">This article suggests a way out in
form of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">HDPlus Strategy, </b>formulated
by the RI District 3054, <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>to
alleviate poverty not only in India but elsewhere through a system of investment
in people. Here the concept of Human Capital can be a big help. HC is a measure
of the skills, education, capacity and attributes of people which influence
their productive capacity and earning potential.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Also, the article examines whether can it be an agenda for Rotary in the post-polio
epoch? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">The conceptualization of HDPlus strategy is based on the
Indian experiences; however, it can be applied elsewhere with area specific
requirements to alleviate poverty.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Inequality
directly affects the amount and severity of poverty within a nation/region.
Countries that have greater inequality often have many citizens living in
poverty. Income inequality has increased in nearly everywhere in recent
decades, but at different speeds.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-IN">There is no secret that India's
growth is much skewed and its benefits go disproportionately to few people as
gets manifested by Oxfam’s Wealth Report (2018) which points out that the nine
richest Indians own as much wealth as the bottom 50 per cent of the population.
Further, the income inequality is rising much faster than expected, </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">as shown by </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Chancel and Piketty in their thought
provoking article: “Indian income inequality, 1922-2014: From British Raj to
Billionaire Raj?” . <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They found that t</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he top one per cent
richest individuals in India appropriated six per cent of total income in the
early 1980s, and now, this figure has gone up to twenty two per cent. This
suggests that wealth is not trickling down to the poor and India is
turning into a ‘republic of inequality’.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">These widening disparities require
sound human development policies to empower lower income classes, and promote
economic inclusion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These policies must include
components like education, analytical ability, skills, and health among other
things. Let us consider one of the important components of human development –
state of education – in India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Is our education system geared
enough to empower people? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Considering
India’s poor education system from top to bottom, one cannot be too optimistic
about it. With primary school enrollment reaching around 97 per cent since
2009, and girls making up 55 per cent of new students between 2007 and 2015, it
is clear that many problems of access to schooling have been addressed. The
problem is now of quality, not that of numbers. More than half of India’s students
can be classified as functionally under-educated or simply half-educated. India
has failed miserably in transforming schooling into genuine learning.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Annual
Status of Education Report 201</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7 reveals
that nearly</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> one-fourth of India’s government-school-going
youngsters aged 14-18 cannot read their own language fluently. The report also
reveals that 57 per cent of the children assessed struggled to solve a simple
sum of division - exposing chinks in the quality of education imparted in the
country. Further, 47 per cent of all 14 year-olds in the sample could not read
English sentences. In addition, 64 per cent had never used the internet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These findings have been collaborated by </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">the Program for International
Student Assessment (PISA), coordinated by the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organization of
industrialized countries. PISA is an international assessment that measures
15-year-old students' reading, mathematics, and science literacy every three
years. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PISA does not test a student’s
memory and curriculum-based knowledge rather PISA emphasizes functional
skills that students have acquired as they near the end of compulsory
schooling. <span class="e24kjd"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
India</span> first participated in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PISA
2009</span> with 16,000 students from 400 schools across Himachal Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu. However, </span>the performance of Indian students was abysmally
poor and India was ranked 72nd rank among 74 participating countries. Then
government of India boycotted PISA, blaming “out of context” <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">As a result, a majority of the
Indian children living in low- and middle-income families<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are experiencing “learning poverty”, as per
the World Bank report, released in October 2019. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">And, there is no wonder that The World Bank ranked
India at 115th out of 157 countries on the Human Capital Index in 2018.
HCI seeks to measure the amount of human capital that a child born today can
expect to attain by the age of 18. According to its parameters a child born in
India today will only be 44 per cent as productive as she could have been if
she had enjoyed quality education and full health as well as better living
environment including water and sanitation. In other words, there are
grave deficiencies in India’s human development inputs that are preventing children
from reaching their full potential. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">“</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On factors holding India back, my
biggest disappointment is the low level of human development,” as observed by
Bill Gates. I</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">t is interesting to note that the productivity, measured as per capita
GDP,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is very low. India became the
fifth largest economy in the world in terms of GDP in 2018 but still it has a
very-very low per capita GDP, as per IMF. It is placed at 122nd position among
187 countries.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
current pool of India’s manpower has very low employability mainly due to poor
quality of human capital, i.e. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">abilities and skills of human resources. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
country produces more than five million graduates every year. The National
Employability Report reveals that a significant
proportion of these graduates, nearly 47 percent, are unemployable, given their
poor linguistic and cognitive/analytical skills. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">India, therefore, accounts a large
number of deprived/poor people. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Multidimensional Poverty Index (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MPI</span>), developed by the Oxford <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Poverty</span> & Human Development Initiative
(OPHI) and UNDP, identifies </span><span style="background: #FEFEFE; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: .4pt;">how people are being left behind across
three key dimensions: health, education and living standards, and 10 indicators
– nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance,
sanitation, cooking fuel, drinking water, electricity, housing and assets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It means around </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">700
million (70 crore) out of the total population of 1350 million in 2018 can be
classified as deprived or <b><i>vanchit</i></b><i> Indians</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<pre style="background: #F8F9FA; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And without investing in this population of
140 million families, mainly comprising Dalits, tribals, OBCs and Muslims among
others, India cannot think of becoming an inclusive and developed economy.
Also, this could be a significant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>political force in improving quality of life, enhancing governance,
managing the climate change, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rotary initiative to unlock human
potential:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> There
is growing consensus that economic growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty
unless it is backed by high level of labor productivity. With this in
mind, the top leadership of </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the Rotary International District
3054<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref3">, as noted earlier,</a> assembled at the Rotary
Club, Jaipur on October 28, 2017 and came out with a strategy to empower
people. The strategy is being </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">christened as ‘HDPlus’ (Human Development Plus). <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a dynamic agenda based on a ‘whole
child’ concept, that is primary-school-going child and his/her family (that is
‘HDPlus family’). The concept is being described by policies, practices, and
relationships that ensure that each child is healthy, educated, engaged,
supported and encouraged. For this, integrating the child and his or her family
more deeply into the day-to-day life of school and home activities represents
an untapped instrument for raising the overall achievements including learning
skills and health parameters, and hence improving overall productivity.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In other words, creating an
enabling environment at family and school levels is a way to promote human
capital. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
is because we need a holistic approach in imparting education, since the
quality of education cannot be seen in isolation. We have to recognize the
importance of primary health, water and sanitation as well as gender equality issues
in promoting human development. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The main action
areas of HDPlus strategy are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Focus
of action will be on government-school-going children (an overwhelming majority
of children from the poor families go to government schools), aged 6 to 14
(that is I-VIII standards), and their families to be known as HDPlus families;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Focal
point of various governments’ pro-poor schemes along with HD interventions
will be HDPlus families to create enabling environment; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It
will be implemented by government agencies with the help of grassroots workers
in collaboration with civil societies like PlusPolio campaign. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In sum, the HDPlus strategy is aimed to lay
foundation for the human competency that is quality of being
adequately or well qualified physically and intellectually, as summarized in
Box A.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, t</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he HDPlus strategy could be seen
as an act of promoting <b>"T-E-A-C-H"</b> project of Rotary.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Box A:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Steps involved in the implementation of HDPlus <o:p></o:p></span></b><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>strategy</b></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I. Govt. Elementary School<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 26.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ensure total involvement of
community/panchayat in the management of school.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Select<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all students (As per the Annual Economic
Survey 2018, around 80% of students in the govt. elementary schools are from
the weaker sections of the society.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">II. HDPlus Family<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After selecting students,
go to their families (HDPlus families) and provide all basic requirements for
better living: water, toilet, electricity, cooking gas, primary health among
others, if they are not having. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">III. Human Competency<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">All these will ensure
that the 8th graders are well prepared to read, write and be
efficient in mathematics & basic digital technology before moving to
further education, thus initiating the process of building human capital.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">→</span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">→<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rotary
International (RI) and HDPlus Strategy: </span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buoyed by the success of "End
Polio", a programme of RI, the efforts of which resulted in dropping of
the number of polio cases by 99.9 percent, and 16 million people are walking
today who would otherwise have been paralyzed, the Rotary must concentrate on
alleviation of poverty, which is the central goal of not only of the UN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) <a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
but also of Rotary. <span class="name">While speaking at </span><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">the </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2019 RI Convention in Hamburg, </span></em><span class="name"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyril Noirtin,</i> </span>Rotary
International Representative to UNESCO & OECD, said “I believe that the
more closely we align our work with the work of the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals, the better we will be able to leverage that work, and the
more we will be able to achieve.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
that may be the reason why Mark Maloney, RI President, told Rotarians at the <em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2019 RI Convention</span></em>:
“There are so many parallels between the work we already do through our areas
of focus and the work of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
Rotary International,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>therefore,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>must take a lead to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>create sound policy frameworks at the
national, regional and international levels to support accelerated investment
in people in order <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to alleviate poverty
“in all its forms” (SDGs 1: No Poverty) by 2030.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Here, HDPlus strategy could be a
decisive adjunct. The HDPlus strategy directly contributes to SDGs 3, (good
health and well-being), SDGs 4 (quality education), SDGs 5 (gender equality),
and SDGs 6 (clean water and sanitation), and all these contribute in enhancing
productivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, higher productivity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>helps in reducing inequality (SDGs 10)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in order to achieve the supreme goal of SDGs
“No Poverty" (SDGs1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In
conclusion, Rotary members believe that we have a shared responsibility to take
action on our world’s most persistent issues. Here, the HDPlus strategy
provides an opportunity to alleviate poverty by investing in people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After obtaining
formal degrees from Harvard and Australian National universities, Rtn (Dr.)
Kothari has been working on issues pertaining population and development.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">He can be contacted
at: </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="mailto:dkothari42@gmail.c9om"><span style="color: #888888; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dkothari42@gmail.c9om</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> or
09829119868. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">His
recent a</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">rticle: “</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">India's women need
better health services to stop delivering unwanted children” was published in
the National Herald on Sept. 1, 2019 (</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://uc.xyz/1RsMf?pub=link" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">https://uc.xyz/1RsMf?pub=link</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> ). On August 18, 2019, another
article:</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> “Do Indians want more Children?” </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">appeared in Times of India at: </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/population-and-development-in-india/do-indians-want-more-children-5190/" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/population-and-development-in-india/do-indians-want-more-children-5190/</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Last year, his </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">comments on “Population and Climate Change” appeared in The New York
Times.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rotary's
involvement in polio eradication began in 1979 with a five-year commitment to
provide and help deliver polio vaccine to six million children of Philippines
by local Rotary. Following similar commitments in other countries, in the early
80's Rotary started planning for the most ambitious program in its history
— to immunize all of world's children, less than five years of age, against
polio, and in 1985 PolioPlus program was born. Since then, Rotary’s
dedication to the global eradication of polio has remained constant. 2018
marked the 33rd anniversary of and challenges the program has faced. But
through the efforts of Rotary, 99 percent of the world’s population lives in
regions certified polio-free. The goal of eradication is closer than ever. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Refer:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/22/opinion/sunday/bill-gates-melinda-gates-global-poverty.html?module=inline"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Our Precarious Progress on Poverty</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">” by Bill and Melinda
Gates, The New York Times,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sunday
Review, Sept. 23, 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The HDPlus strategy
is an outcome of a discussion. It was chaired by then DG Maulin Patel of RID
3054 (2017-18). In addition, then DGE<span style="background: white;"> Neeraj
Sogani and DGN Bina Desai as well PDG Ratnesh Kashyap, PDG Ashish Desai among
others attended the discussion. They discussed and finalized<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the draft plan prepared by Rtn.
Devendra Kothari, </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">District
Chairman, Human Resources Development Committee, RID 3054 (2017-18).</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to the
OECD, human capital is defined as</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> the economic value of a worker's
experience and skills or productivity. This includes assets like education,
training, analytical ability, skills, and health among other things. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Chancel, Lucas and
Thomas Piketty. 2017.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Indian income
inequality, 1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WID, World Working Paper Series No. 2017/11,
World Inequality Lab, Paris School of Economics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Kothari, Devendra.
2017. “Managing school education in India”, in Administrative Change, Vol. XLIV
(2): 78-89.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Refer at: <a href="https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/india-participate-international-student-assessment-pisa-2021-01201965073.html">https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/india-participate-international-student-assessment-pisa-2021-01201965073.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Refer: “World Bank. 2019. <span class="italic">Ending
Learning Poverty: What Will It Take?</span> World Bank,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington, DC. © World Bank.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32553 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> For details,
see:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kothari, Devendra.
2019. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India, New Delhi: Paragoan International
Publishers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Rotary in India
through “Rotary India Literacy Mission” has embarked upon one of the most
comprehensive programmes on Total Literacy and Quality Education to empower
people. This mission wishes to achieve the literacy goals through its
comprehensive program called <b>T-E-A-C-H</b>: T – Teacher Support, E –
E-learning, A – Adult Literacy, C- Child Development and H- Happy School. Each
of these programmes has a specific focus and it is interlinked with each other
in achieving the common goal of bringing total literacy and improving the
learning outcomes of primary education, in various parts of the country. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Sustainable Development Goals are the
blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address
the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality,
climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. The 17 Goals are
all interconnected, and in order to leave no one behind, it is important that
we achieve them all by 2030.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DEVENDRA%20KOTHARI/Desktop/Rotary%20and%20HDPlus.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Refer article: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rotary’s
contribution to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals at:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://riunescoday.org/2020/rotarys-contribution-to-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Devendra Kotharihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06991288318352755244noreply@blogger.com1