Dr. Devendra
Kothari
Population
and Development Analyst
Forum for
Population Action
“The focus should be on Minimum Government but Maximum Governance.”
Narendra
Modi
Prime
Minister o India
Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance"
are being increasingly used in development debate. Bad governance is being
increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our
societies. While India is a prosperous
country, people have been deprived of its benefits due to poor governance. [1]
The post
seeks an answer to the question of what good governance is and what its
relationship with human development (HD) is.
Government and governance are two
very similar words. People often get confused about the differences between
“governance” and “government.” Government is a group of people who rule or run
the administration of a country.
On the other hand, governance is the act of governing;
exercising authority. Good governance is an
indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe
how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public
resources. It involves the process of decision-making and the process by
which decisions are implemented or not implemented. [2] Good
governance has some major characteristics. It is participatory, accountable,
transparent, efficient and effective, and follows the rule of law. It assures
that corruption is minimized, and the voices of the vulnerable are heard in
decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of
society. Actually
the term good governance has become synonymous
to “effective” management.
On the other hand, governance is the act of governing; exercising authority. Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. It involves the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented or not implemented. [2] Good governance has some major characteristics. It is participatory, accountable, transparent, efficient and effective, and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, and the voices of the vulnerable are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. Actually the term good governance has become synonymous to “effective” management.
The Human Development Report 2016 does not speak very high about India’s
achievements in enlarging people’s capabilities and improving their well-being. India ranks 131 of 188 countries when it comes to the
HDI. This puts it in the ‘medium’ category. The HDI combines a country’s
average achievements in health, education and income. India’s HDI, at 0.624,
makes it the third SAARC country on the list, behind Sri Lanka and
Maldives (both of which fall in the ‘high’ HDI category). One can argue that
they are small countries. A comparison should
be made between equals.
India – China and Human Development:
This question has been analyzed by
Mattias Ottervik of Lund University, Sweden in a paper: ’Good’ Governance and
Human Development: The Case of China and India. [5] According to Ottervik, the relationship
between good governance and human development is strong, but it is the
minimalist aspect of governance, “effectiveness”, that has the largest impact
on human development in China as compared to India. “China was able to realize
a comparatively high level of human development through effective governance
which could autonomously formulate and implement policies. Though
well-intended, India’s leadership seems to not have had the same ability to
formulate or implement policies without influence of social forces”, writes
Ottervik.
As a result, from the same starting
position in 1950, China and India’s human development quickly diverged after
eighties. By 2015 China’s adult literacy rate was almost one-third more that of
India’s and life expectancy was almost ten years longer. Same could
be said about infant mortality rate and other indicators of human development. As
a result, the value of Human Development Index was
0.738 in China while it was 0.624 in India in 2015. The World Bank data also shows that
China’s percapita income is more than five times that of India.
Human development has always been important priority
for China in its quest for economic development. Available research shows that
investments in HD fundamentals like education, health, sanitation and water as
well as population stabilization account for China’s phenomenal growth since
the late 1980s. “And, as India charts its course for the future, the
productivity and skill level of its workforce is becoming even more critical”,
writes Bill Gates, a well-wisher of India. [6] India can
learn a lot from the Chinese experiences, as how one can manage human development
with right type of implementation strategies based on good governance.
Health and Education- a case study:
Healthcare:
The public healthcare in India
is in shambles and it is not only the question of woefully underfunded but a very good example of
ineffective or poor governance. For example, more
than 70 children lost their lives in a tragic incident of medical mismanagement
in a day at the 800 bedded BRD
Government Medical College Hospital in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh in the last
week of September 2017. Most deaths were reported from the neonatal and
encephalitis wards. These deaths were reportedly caused due to non-availability
of liquid oxygen, since its supply was stopped due to non-payment of
outstanding accumulated dues worth Rs 6.8 million that the hospital owed to
Pushpa Sales, the sole supplier of liquid oxygen to the hospital. [8]
The
management of the hospital has been so abysmal in the last few years that tragedies
like this have been a daily occurrence. According to official records,
during 2012-2017, more than 3,000 children died at the BRD Hospital. Most of
the deaths were attributed to acute encephalitis syndrome (AES)
caused by the Japanese encephalitis. According to the institution's former
principal and head of pediatrics department KP Kushwaha, these officials’
numbers are actually understated. Other medical practitioners have blamed the
hospital's negligence as a major factor behind the high number of child deaths.
[9]
The tragedy has ignited outrage across the country and
abroad. Nobel Peace laureate Kailash Satyarthi termed the tragedy a “massacre”.
It has also evoked a political firestorm over allegations of administrative
lapses and Gorakhpur being UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath’s constituency for
almost 20 years. If hospital, located in the chief minister’s town, could
not be managed properly then what would happen to other hospitals or public
services.
The State governments in India take ‘immediate actions’ on
such tragedies. In the name of the
action, the state government of Uttar Pradesh suspended (not terminated) the
head of BRD Medical College and ordered an investigation into contracts to
supply oxygen, a routine action taken in each and every incidence of
mismanagement in the country in the
name of ‘good’ governance.
This pathetic state of
healthcare is not unique to the public hospitals but also private ones and
their functioning must be improved too. Several high-profile cases have been
reported in the media with blame being generously meted out. [10] The fragile but extremely essential equation of trust has gone. On the
other hand, Government-run or public hospitals are theoretically free for
everyone, but quality is poor and corruption is endemic. This is a sorry state
of affairs of India’s health services, and it must be resolved.
The Economic Survey 2017-18,
therefore, noted that India
is in desperate need of universal healthcare. If the government were to increase government spending on healthcare
from the current below 1.5 per cent levels to UN recommended 2.5 per cent levels,
it would not improve health conditions of millions of Indians unless ‘good’ governance is simultaneously brought in.
And activists and experts
have been screaming for better healthcare reforms for years. That could be the
reason why the editor of the world's most revered medical journal - The Lancet
- said
that failing to combat non communicable and communicable diseases will cost
India's health system and social care "enormously making India collapse”. [11] And yet, despite
all the warnings, despite all the preventable deaths, healthcare in India
continuously remains in shambles.
Education: Does India’s education system gear enough to meet the
challenge of low productivity? Considering India’s poor education system from
top to bottom one cannot be too optimistic about it. To improve the quality of
education, the school education is the first step towards that direction. In the HDPlus framework,
therefore, education is a significant input to empower people.[12]
With enrollment reaching at least 97
per cent since 2009, and girls making up 55 per cent of new students between
2007 and 2015, it is clear that many problems of access to schooling have been
addressed. The problem is now of quality, not quantity. "My biggest disappointment is the education
system (in India). I do want to create higher expectations about it”, writes
Bill Gates of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. [13]
For a country that aims to be a global growth hub, the
latest Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) for rural India makes for
dismal reading. The survey for the report carried out across 24 states in 2017
paints a sorry picture of school education. Focussing on 14-18 year old
students who comprise the first batch to pass Class VIII after the
implementation of the Right to Education Act, the report finds that one-fourth
of the students are unable to read their own language fluently, while 57 per
cent of them struggle to solve a simple sum of division.
These findings clearly show that school education in
India suffers from serious systemic lacunae. And these cannot be addressed
through legislations alone without improving the management of the schools. “While
enrollment rates in schools have gone up significantly, learning outcomes
appear to have stagnated. For a large section of secondary and higher secondary
students in this country, it hardly matters whether they are in school or not”,
noted TOT editorial. [14]
This massive shortfall in skilling, which cannot be
made up for with “Skill India” programmes, has serious repercussions for
India’s economy and society. With more than a million youth joining the
workforce every month, poor education standards mean that many of them won’t be
employable. That in turn could see unemployed youngsters channel their energies
towards destructive ends, turning India’s demographic dividend into a
demographic time bomb, added TOT Edit. The only solution is to focus on improving
education quality in schools through measures such as hiring and assessing
teachers on merit, or rigorous mapping of learning outcomes by involving the
community, as noted in my paper - Managing School Education in India. [15]
Also, the
higher education and research sector is not in good shape due to the
over-regulation and under funding. The Times
Higher Education World University Rankings, founded in 2004,
provide the definitive list of the world's best universities, evaluated across
teaching, research, international outlook, reputation and more. THE’s data are trusted by
governments and universities and are a vital resource for students, helping
them choose where to study. According
to THE not a single Indian university/institute has been able to get a place in
the top 200 world university rankings during 2015 to 2016. [16]
The rankings reveal that IIS lies between 251 and 300 and IIT-B is ranked
between 351 and 400. IIT - Delhi, Kharagpur, Madras, Guwahati, Kanpur, Roorkee
among others have made it to the top 600 universities in the world.
On the other hand, in 2016, 63 universities in USA made
into the top 200, while the UK claims 10 places, two shy of last year’s sum.
Although Western universities continue to dominate the highest spots, Asian
institutions have been gaining ground – 19 of which reached the top 200 in
2016, up from 15 the previous year. The region’s best performing university has
reached a new high this year. The National University of Singapore made it to
24th place, an increase of two positions. Mainland China takes four places in the
top 200, up from two last year, with its leader Peking University joining the
top 30, in 29th place (up from 42nd last year), and its regional rival Tsinghua
University making its debut in the top 40, in 35th place (up from joint 47th). Meanwhile,
Hong Kong claims five top 200 positions, up from three last year, making it the
most-represented Asian region in the top 200. It is led by the University of
Hong Kong in joint 43rd place, a modest hop up from joint 44th last year. Hong
Kong’s improved performance is largely owing to increased institutional and
research income and greater research productivity, as per THE.
Meanwhile, India’s leading university/institute
– the Indian Institute of Sciences (IIS) – is edging
closer to the top 200, claiming a spot in the 201-250 band in 2016, its highest
ever position. It is, therefore, low probability that the Indian
universities/institutes are making international strides in near future. We have a different idea about education and a
different way of going about it. Indian universities/institutes create a much
“pressured environment”, have “a lot of learning by rote” and there is “not a
lot of discussion in classes”. “I don’t know if that would translate globally,
except in some of the narrow scientific and technical areas”, as noted by
Richard Robison, emeritus professor in the Asia Research Centre at Murdoch
University.[17]
In addition, the leadership of most of the universities is debatable.
Universities
are considered the nurseries of young intellect, and I witnessed this as
a student at the Harvard and Australian National University in the seventies. For the past few years, however, most of the
Indian universities and colleges are in the limelight for the wrong reasons.
“The horror stories that regularly come out of various campuses, colleges and
even schools indicate that many of India’s hallowed teaching institutions like
Banaras Hindu University, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, Osmania University among others are fast losing “the
tag of ‘temples of learning’ and are being transformed into houses of infamy”,
noted by Prabhu Chawla, a renowned
journalist. [18]
Criminal incidents within their precincts are being whitewashed with hollow
definitions of ideology. If a student(s) commits suicide in Hyderabad, mysteriously
disappears from JNU or is assaulted in BHU Campus, [19]
there are always people or motivated NGOs around looking for an opportunity to
turn the incident into a controversy to score brownie points.
Discussion and conclusion:
Similarly,
healthcare emerged as the buzzword of the
2018-19 Budgets, because it offers 10 crore or 100 million
families (that is about 500 million people) up to 500,000 rupees, or about
$7,860, of coverage each year. That sum, while small by Western standards,
would be enough to cover the equivalent of five heart surgeries in India. Some
public health experts, however, noted that the government’s proposals do little
to prevent poor health in the first place. India is plagued by increasing
levels of water and air pollution. Malnutrition, poor sanitation and lack
of proper housing also remain major problems. [22]
What should be agenda for enhancing
capabilities or human development? Addressing WEF at Davos, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi promised that “red tape would be replaced by a red carpet for
business”. Same is urgently required for the human development efforts. Just throwing money at the problem will not
suffice; governments must also improve administration of public services
including healthcare, education, sanitation and water, so that they deliver
better outcomes. So, good governance must get the priority that is an
administration that is accountable to its public.
The elephant in the room is that
India’s growth is not really leading to the burgeoning middle class in the
absence of robust and comprehensive human development strategy, as was
envisaged and as did happen in China and East Asia. IMF projects GDP growth during 2018-19 at 7.4 per cent will surpass China’s (6.8%). A more
disturbing statistic, however, is that
the total increase in wealth earned by the 67 crore or 670 million Indians who
make up the poorer half of the population was a mere 1 per cent last year. [23]
This suggests wealth is not trickling down to the poorer half of the
population. Governments
at all levels are aware of challenges ahead and there have been haphazard
attempts to solve them. This now requires a more coherent approach which fits
into the overall reform package that brings in more scientific methods into human
development and simultaneously fixes the malfunctioning system with good
governance.
On assumption of
office, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had emphasised the governance mantra,
“maximum governance with minimum government”.
For this, one has to reduce
the size of ministry and bureaucracy to build a strong and enabling system for good governance.
For example, several
ministries have more
than one minister of state, the Cabinet
has expanded in number – to the level of the UPA’s Cabinet, ministers seem more
interested in controlling
what people eat than being preoccupied
with good governance and others are obsessed with interfering in education
by rewriting
textbooks and controlling how students answer
their roll calls.
Further, in order to achieve
development in general and human development in particular, dynamic and vibrant
bureaucracy is needed. “Though we need vision-based bureaucrats with
far-sighted planning and strong will to implement it, but Indian bureaucracy
seems to be conservative, less visionary and short sighted, also lacking
aptitude and attitude which does not want to assimilate with society and changing
politico-economic environment and the world”. [24] There
is an urgent need to rethink about bureaucratic setup. In other word, we
need to reconsider the current size of bureaucracy and nature of restructuring
required to make it efficient by involving experts to help bureaucrats.
Also, empower local governments and create a
culture that promotes direct citizen participation and engagement in planning
and development processes. In Madhya Pradesh, for example, decentralized governance has increased
the probability of a child completing grade 5 by 21 per cent. In addition,
technology can bring
greater efficiency to government systems, processes and interactions. Benefits
to citizens include increased convenience and transparency in access to
services, greater accountability, and avenues to expand the citizen voice.
At the moment, India is on the edge and it can take
two routes. It can take a route of investing in its people and creating a
thriving and flourishing future for India which has a part to play in world
affairs or it can do what it is doing now and ignore human development in which
case it will see increasing level of deteriorating low and order sweep across
the country creating an unsustainable future and destroying national efforts to
develop an inclusive and vibrant economy. And, India needs good governance, not
governments to empower people.
It is hoped this
post will deepen the discussion and accelerate the search for a better solution
for human development and governance.
[1] This was noted by PM Modi on ‘Good
Governance Day’ to celebrate the birthday of former premier Atal Bihari
Vajpayee.
[1] This was noted by PM Modi on ‘Good
Governance Day’ to celebrate the birthday of former premier Atal Bihari
Vajpayee.
[2] UNESCAP. 2009.
“What is Good Governance?” United Nations Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok at:
http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf
[3] UNDP. 1990. Human
Development Report 1990. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Also
see: UNDP. 2010. Human Development Report 2010. New York: United Nations
Development Programme.
[4] Based on historical
statistics, Crafts uses UN’s 2001 methodology to calculate historical HDI
scores for several countries. While the absolute scores might be up to debate
because of potential inaccuracies, the relative position seems well supported
by other sources - from a similar position at their founding, China’s and
India’s development level diverged as measured by education, health, and
material well-being. Refer: Crafts, Nicholas. 1996. The Human Development
Index: Some Historical Comparisons. London School of Economics & Political
Science: Working Papers in Economic History. London: London School of Economic.
[5] Ottervik, Mattias.
2011. “‘Good’ Governance and Human Development: The Case of China and India”,
STVK01, Lund University, Sweden. Also see at: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1968521&fileOId=1975767
[6] Gates, Bill. 2017.
“Nurture India’s human capital:
For rapid economic growth, paying attention to health and nutrition is
essential”, Times of India at https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/nurture-indias-human-capital-for-rapid-economic-growth-paying-attention-to-health-and-nutrition-is-essential/
[7] BS Web
Team. 1018. “Economic
Survey 2018 crucial findings, projections: Mixing caution & optimism”, Business Standard at: http://www.business-standard.com/budget/article/mixing-caution-optimism-eco-survey-2018-s-crucial-findings-projections-118013000235_1.html
[8] The private company, Pushpa Sales, wrote to the hospital repeatedly
warning that supply of oxygen could be disrupted if dues were not cleared. The same was also publicised by local media
outlets days before the deaths began. College officials said they had forwarded
requests regarding the same to the State government but received no response.
[9] EPW Editorial. 2017. “When Children
Die”, Economic & Political Weekly, 52 (33). Also see: Singh, Manoj. 2017. “How Gorakhpur’s BRD Medical
College Struggled With Money and Manpower for Years”, The Wire at: https://thewire.in/167498/gorakhpur-children-death-brd-medical-college-up-government/
[10] Recently, Fortis, Max and BL Kapoor Hospital have fallen prey to
slander. All these hospitals serve
thousands of patients everyday in Delhi and NCR.
[11] Refer
article:
Sinha, Kounteya. 2015. British medical journal Lancet to take Modi to task
for ignoring health sector at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Brtish-medical-journal-Lancet-to-take-Modi-to-task-for-ignoring-health-sector/articleshow/49484703.cms
[12] Kothari, Devendra. 2018. “Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India”, will be published as an
occasional paper by the Forum for Population Action in April, 2018.
[3] UNDP. 1990. Human
Development Report 1990. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Also
see: UNDP. 2010. Human Development Report 2010. New York: United Nations
Development Programme.
[4] Based on historical
statistics, Crafts uses UN’s 2001 methodology to calculate historical HDI
scores for several countries. While the absolute scores might be up to debate
because of potential inaccuracies, the relative position seems well supported
by other sources - from a similar position at their founding, China’s and
India’s development level diverged as measured by education, health, and
material well-being. Refer: Crafts, Nicholas. 1996. The Human Development
Index: Some Historical Comparisons. London School of Economics & Political
Science: Working Papers in Economic History. London: London School of Economic.
[5] Ottervik, Mattias.
2011. “‘Good’ Governance and Human Development: The Case of China and India”,
STVK01, Lund University, Sweden. Also see at: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1968521&fileOId=1975767
[6] Gates, Bill. 2017.
“Nurture India’s human capital:
For rapid economic growth, paying attention to health and nutrition is
essential”, Times of India at https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/nurture-indias-human-capital-for-rapid-economic-growth-paying-attention-to-health-and-nutrition-is-essential/
[7] BS Web
Team. 1018. “Economic
Survey 2018 crucial findings, projections: Mixing caution & optimism”, Business Standard at: http://www.business-standard.com/budget/article/mixing-caution-optimism-eco-survey-2018-s-crucial-findings-projections-118013000235_1.html
[8] The private company, Pushpa Sales, wrote to the hospital repeatedly
warning that supply of oxygen could be disrupted if dues were not cleared. The same was also publicised by local media
outlets days before the deaths began. College officials said they had forwarded
requests regarding the same to the State government but received no response.
[9] EPW Editorial. 2017. “When Children
Die”, Economic & Political Weekly, 52 (33). Also see: Singh, Manoj. 2017. “How Gorakhpur’s BRD Medical
College Struggled With Money and Manpower for Years”, The Wire at: https://thewire.in/167498/gorakhpur-children-death-brd-medical-college-up-government/
[10] Recently, Fortis, Max and BL Kapoor Hospital have fallen prey to
slander. All these hospitals serve
thousands of patients everyday in Delhi and NCR.
[11] Refer
article:
Sinha, Kounteya. 2015. British medical journal Lancet to take Modi to task
for ignoring health sector at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Brtish-medical-journal-Lancet-to-take-Modi-to-task-for-ignoring-health-sector/articleshow/49484703.cms
[12] Kothari, Devendra. 2018. “Nurturing
Human Development: A Strategy for New India”, will be published as an
occasional paper by the Forum for Population Action in April, 2018.
[13] Gates, Bill. 2017. “India’s education system needs to be far better than
it is today, Times of India at: https://m.timesofindia.com/indias-education-system-needs-to-be-far-better-than-it-is-today/amp_articleshow/61679641.cms
[14] TOI Edit. 2018.
Ticking bomb: Poor education standards could dash India’s hopes of becoming a
leading power, Times of India at: https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/ticking-bomb-poor-education-standards-could-dash-indias-hopes-of-becoming-a-leading-power/
[15] Kothari, Devendra. 2017. “Managing School
Education in India”, Administrative
Change, Vol. XLIV (2): 78-89.
[16] India Today. 2016. “World University Ranking 2015 to
2016: No Indian university in top 200, IITs and others in top 600”, India Today
at:
https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/top-indian-universities-322233-2016-05-07
[17] THE. 2016. World University Rankings 2016-2017: results
announced, Times Higher Education at:
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/world-university-rankings-2016-2017-results-announced
[15] Kothari, Devendra. 2017. “Managing School
Education in India”, Administrative
Change, Vol. XLIV (2): 78-89.
[16] India Today. 2016. “World University Ranking 2015 to
2016: No Indian university in top 200, IITs and others in top 600”, India Today
at:
https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/top-indian-universities-322233-2016-05-07
[17] THE. 2016. World University Rankings 2016-2017: results
announced, Times Higher Education at:
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/world-university-rankings-2016-2017-results-announced
[18] Chawla,
Prabhu. 2017. “Political and business greed is sabotaging education with caste,
crime and calumny”, Indian Express at:
http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2017/oct/01/political-and-business-greed-is-sabotaging-education-with-caste-crime-and-calumny-1665028--1.html
[19] In September – October, 2017, Banaras Hindu University
(BHU), one of the country’s most prestigious Central universities, was in the
news not for its academic excellence but for having become a dreaded playground
for goons to stalk and molest students. When the victims and their supporters
protested, they were treated not with balm but with batons. Police registered
an FIR against 1,200 students, placing their professional future in jeopardy.
[20] During the last three and half years,
the Modi government has embarked on ambitious structural reforms to enhance
capabilities through initiatives such as Swachh
Bharat (Clean India to strengthen the sanitation and hygiene), Skill India,
Jan Dhan Yojana (People’s Bank Plan),
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (to address
the gender issues), and Ujjwala
Yojana (make availability of cooking gas to poor households to
empower women and protect their health as well as reduce drudgery
and the time spent on cooking) and the Saubhagya
Yojana (to provide free electricity
connection to poor families) among
others.
[19] In September – October, 2017, Banaras Hindu University
(BHU), one of the country’s most prestigious Central universities, was in the
news not for its academic excellence but for having become a dreaded playground
for goons to stalk and molest students. When the victims and their supporters
protested, they were treated not with balm but with batons. Police registered
an FIR against 1,200 students, placing their professional future in jeopardy.
[20] During the last three and half years,
the Modi government has embarked on ambitious structural reforms to enhance
capabilities through initiatives such as Swachh
Bharat (Clean India to strengthen the sanitation and hygiene), Skill India,
Jan Dhan Yojana (People’s Bank Plan),
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (to address
the gender issues), and Ujjwala
Yojana (make availability of cooking gas to poor households to
empower women and protect their health as well as reduce drudgery
and the time spent on cooking) and the Saubhagya
Yojana (to provide free electricity
connection to poor families) among
others.
[21] Kumar, Arun. 2017. “20 best universities to get Rs 10,000 cr,
autonomy”, Hindustan Times at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-in-patna-20-universities-to-get-rs-10-000-crore-over-5-years-for-world-class-education-system/story-ITrXDsWL2jCo1kkQtwRgoN.html
[22] “India Wants to Give Half a Billion People Free
Health Care”, The New York Times at:
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/business/india-modi-health-care.html
[23] TOT
Edit. 2018. “The other half: India is turning into a republic of inequality,
meriting frank discussion”, Times of India at:
https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/the-other-half-india-is-turning-into-a-republic-of-inequality-meriting-frank-discussion/
[24] Biju, M.R. 2007. Good
governance and administrative practices, Mittal Publications, New Delhi
[23] TOT
Edit. 2018. “The other half: India is turning into a republic of inequality,
meriting frank discussion”, Times of India at:
https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/the-other-half-india-is-turning-into-a-republic-of-inequality-meriting-frank-discussion/
[24] Biju, M.R. 2007. Good
governance and administrative practices, Mittal Publications, New Delhi
