Devendra
Kothari, Ph.D
Population and Development Analyst
Forum for Population Action
You enter strong and you exist strong,
you are going to be OK.
Chris Fareley,
American Actor
In the last post (Think before you do! A
case study of managing Covid-19 in India), [1] I discussed how India took the decision about
imposing total lockdown to fight CORONA- 19.
This post suggests some points which can be considered while preparing
an exit plan.
On March 24, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi announced a 21-day nationwide lockdown in
response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was in PM Modi’s style
like hasty proclamation of Demonetization on November 8,
2016. This unprecedented lockdown imposed at 00.00 hr on March 25,
2020, gave 1370 millions of Indians less than four hours to prepare.
The unplanned lockdowns have created economic havoc in
the lives of the millions who are part of the informal sector – not just daily
wagers, but also workers of the gig economy.[2]
According to the Employment –unemployment Survey, 2015-’16, over 80% of India’s
workforce is employed in the informal sector. One-third is casual or daily workers.[3]
“The lack of clear risk
communication from top leadership and mixed messages from across the system
spooked the poorer migrants who chose to start uncertain journeys,” Kurian
says. “The exodus of migrants may have spread out the virus far and wide,
adding another layer to India’s problems.”[4]
Most experts agree
that a lockdown in India is necessary to contain the spread of COVID-19, but it
would have planned better. As India enters the final phase of lockdown which
began a fortnight ago, hope to exist plan will be better.
What should be
done?
After fourteen days into the
nation-wide lockdown (March 24 to April 7, 2020), India is still wondering about its impact on
arresting the spread of COVID-19 and is bogged down by the enormity of the
tasks ahead, a question is being asked almost everywhere: will the lockdown, with
its huge impact on the economy too, be withdrawn on April 15? Since the 21-day
lockdown was announced on March 24 the number of COVID-19 positive cases in the
country has risen from 600 on March 25 to over 4000 on April 7, and the number
of deaths due to virus increased from 15 to more than 160. Thus, the number of
positives cases increased around seven times in the first two weeks of
lockdown. It means the community transmission stage is ‘inevitable’. Further,
we cannot neglect the economy. Thus, the number of positive cases increased
around seven times in the first two weeks of lockdown. Most of those who are
badly affected by the lockdown belong to India’s massive informal economy,
which employs about 424 million Indians, some 90% of the workforce, according
to data from the Ministry of Finance, GOI. Construction workers, auto-rickshaw
drivers, milkmen, vendors who sell vegetables and snacks from carts are all
part of this economy; most live on daily wages, do not receive any benefits and
work jobs that do not exist on paper.
Without entering into the debate,
the need of the hour is to bring Coronavirus spread under total control. No doubt, the dateline of ending announced 21
days lockdown is approaching fast. No one should be under the impression of the
complete lifting of lockdown from April 15 onwards. India can expect a phased
withdrawal of lockdown. How to implement it is a million-dollar question? For
this, the following points may be of some help:
1. Follow Cluster approach: Whether India should re-impose
total lockdown after the present one?
Consider the following facts: India’s current population is estimated at
1.37 billion with a population density of 425 persons per square kilometer in
March 2020. Out of this around 350 million population was residing in large
cities with 100,000 people and more. So far overwhelming cases of COVID-19 were
reported from urban areas, especially from the large cities. It is, therefore,
one has to identify clusters or hotspots. Every City Municipal Commissioner and
the DM has all the information of clusters where the human density is large and
crowded with filth and squalor. Immediate steps to isolate these areas should
begin on a war footing.
After the
21-day lockdown is over, the infected clusters can continue with restrictions
while other parts of the country/city should be allowed to return to normalcy.
This will not only contain the virus in the hotspots but also allow economic
recovery. Authorities have already started identifying such clusters across in
UP, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, and Maharashtra. For example, a densely
populated Ramganj area, a small community of Jaipur walled city, recorded the
highest caseload anywhere in Rajasthan, and thus became the new epicenter of
the outbreak in Rajasthan. Such hotspots need special attention. In the next
few weeks, testing, tracing, isolation, and quarantine should be focussed on
these hotspots.
2. Use minimum labor
force and develop a new work culture: India needs to be in fighting mode
until people get vaccinated while having minimal casualties. Govt. should come
out with a disaster management plan for discussion in public well before the
lockdown is lifted on 15th April. The endeavor should be to have a minimum
workforce on the ground at a time. My view is that one-third of the workforce
can perform all the activities of an organization or farm or mines. A rotation
system may be developed, and work from home should be encouraged. All places of
mass gathering and congregation may continue to remain shut for some more time.
3. Encourage communal harmony: After Markez incident, some
politicians tried to make the corona pandemic as Hindu-Muslim issue. If someone is disturbing the social harmony
or creating obstacles against state efforts to control the virus, they must be
immediately punished in public under the relevant sections of the IPC.
Here the role of free and impartial Media is important to fight COVID-19
in India. Imagine, for a movement, a raging pandemic in India without credible
journalists to verify the facts, Rumors would become the only information
available. Amidst the uncertainty, fear would grow. The panic in society that
any government rightly fears, would be much worse without trusted facts to
counter it; and that is happening in present India. "There should always
be room for the argumentative Indian and not the intolerant Indian. The media
must be the watchdog, the mediator between the leaders and the public,"
Indian President Pranab Mukherjee emphasized while delivering a seminal lecture
honoring former press baron Ramnath Goenka some three years ago. His words are
very timely in the face of the growing threat of the Corona pandemic.
In addition, as India has been battling the outbreak of the coronavirus
pandemic, at the same time the government has to contend with growing communal
polarization. It would be a significant move by GOI if all controversial issues
like CAA, NPR and NCR are put in the cold storage for one year or so. And our
PM Modi can take such a brave step in the national interest.
4. Enhance health spending: Doctors in hospitals across India said the
lack of proper protective equipment available for medical staff, including
basic masks, meant that patients presenting with coronavirus symptoms were
being turned away. Doctors in Kolkata described how they were made to wear
plastic raincoats to examine possible coronavirus patients, while a doctor in a
Delhi hospital resorted to wearing a motorcycle helmet to cover his face.
Further, India is not well equipped with testing. This is where much work is
needed and India is behind. The number of tests performed has to escalate and
the return of results has to be prompt. Private partnerships may be necessary
to manufacture testing kits. One also needs to pay attention to disease
surveillance, monitor respiratory illness cases across the country look at
spikes in insurance claims due to such illnesses in the hotspot metro areas and
watch out for emerging hotspots and outbreaks. We cannot fight this war
blindfolded. For the future, set up disease surveillance, testing, contact
tracing, create a high alert pandemic response team. We need to build public
health forces and trained professionals across the country. Trust and invest in
science. India has to increase the health budget.
India’s average expenditure
on health is far below that of other developing countries, showing it to be a
relatively low governmental priority. Health expenditure in India amounts to
3.7 percent of the GDP, of which only around a third is government expenditure.
This is substantially below the low- and middle- income country average of 5.4
percent, of which nearly half comes from the government.
India’s public expenditure
on health now stands at 1.28 percent of the GDP but even then, it is way lower
than the average expenditure by countries clubbed as among the
"poorest". More embarrassingly, the country’s public health
expenditure is lower when compared with other South-East Asian countries like
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, and Bhutan. It is
interesting to note that the government's own National Health Policy 2017
envisages increasing the health budget to 2.5 percent. We hope to see some
action around this in the current situation.
5. Strengthen Centre-State partnership: Finally,
we have to recognize that Central government alone can’t fight corona alone.
Close cooperation of states is urgently needed.
The constitutional vision envisages that both the central and the state
governments must embrace a collaborative federal architecture by displaying
harmonious coexistence and interdependence. This crisis is an extraordinary
situation that required extraordinary coordination. It is, therefore, increased
coordination between states and the Centre, and among political parties, it is
essential.
Further, all states haven’t seen the same incidence of
positive cases. Moreover, there are significant regional differences in
economic structure. Therefore, it’s best if states are given leeway to tailor
an exit plan according to the local context. “The exit strategy will influence
both the economy and public health. It is essential to get it right.”
In sum, the success of Janata
curfew’ demonstrated that people are willing to abide by government advisories
and especially the appeal made by the Prime Minister. But a 21-day national
lockdown on a four hours’ notice suddenly put millions of people at risk,
leaving many struggling with basic requirements of food and medicines. They
were left with a choice between the coronavirus infection and starvation.
Hunger is the more desperate, deadly, and immediate of the two alternatives,
and hence it prevailed. In the future, sufficient time should be given before
taking such decisions.
It is hoped that PM Modi will announce such an
exit plan which will help to rid of coronavirus and push the economic revival.
[1]Read at: https://kotharionindia.blogspot.com/2020/03/think-before-you-do-think-before-you-do.html
[2] The gig economy is
based on flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often involving connecting
with clients or customers through an online platform. Further, the gig economy
can benefit workers, businesses, and consumers by making work more adaptable to
the needs of the moment and demand for flexible lifestyles. There is a wide range of positions that fall into the
category of a gig. For example, adjunct and part-time professors
are contracted employees as opposed to tenured or tenure-track
professors. America is well on its way to establishing a gig economy, and
estimates show as much as a third of the working population is already in some
gig capacity. Read more at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gig-economy.asp
[3] Refer: Read
more at: Report on Fifth Annual Employment - Unemployment Survey (2015-16).Read
more at: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/442589/report-on-fifth-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2015-16/
[4] Refer article: Modi's Hasty Coronavirus Lockdown of India Leaves Many Fearful for What
Comes Next by Abhishyant Kidnangoor, TIME Magazine, March 31, 2020.
Read more at: https://time.com/5812394/india-coronavirus-lockdown-modi/
