60th
Thursday, 27 September 2018
Wednesday, 22 August 2018
What kind of India do we want? Managing the climate change
Dr. Devendra Kothari
Population and Development Analyst
Forum for Population Action
India
is a country that is facing the challenges of people and nature.
The Nature Conservancy[1]
The
Issue:
As one of the
greatest challenges facing India, climate change deserves serious treatment by
all of us. Of all the most polluting nations – US, China, Russia, Japan and
the EU bloc – only India’s carbon emissions are rising: they rose almost 5
percent in 2016. No one questions India’s right to develop, or the fact that
its current emissions per person are tiny. But when building the new India for
its 1.35 billion people, especially those who are living below poverty lines,
whether it relies on coal and oil or clean and green energy will be a major
factor in whether global warming can be tamed.
Over fifty per cent of India’s population (around 700 million) still
has little or no access to basic facilities, such as quality education, health
or sanitation even after
the adoption of market-friendly strategies during the 1990s and record-high GDP
growth in recent years.[1] As such, “India is the frontline state,” says
Samir Saran, at the Observer Research Foundation in Delhi. “Two-thirds of India
is yet to be built. So please understand, 16% of mankind is going to seek the
American dream. If we can give it to them on a frugal climate budget, we will
save the planet. If we don’t, we will either destroy India or destroy the planet.” This view
is shared internationally: Christiana Figueres, the UN’s former climate chief who delivered the landmark
Paris climate change agreement says India is “very, very important” for
everybody. Similarly. Lord Nicholas Stern, the climate economist who has worked
in India for 40 years, says a polluting, high-carbon development would leave
India alone accounting for a huge chunk of the world’s future emissions, making
it “very difficult” to keep the global temperature rise below the
internationally agreed danger limit of 2C. Right now, India gets 0.4 per
cent of its energy from wind and just
0.03 per cent from solar PV, and even in 2040, in an extremely optimistic
scenario, India will get just 3 per cent of its energy from wind and solar.
India, therefore, has to step up to balance
economic growth with nature. For
this, there is work to be done everywhere in India with various perspectives to
manage the climate change. In the face
of such overwhelming need, the paper, based on secondary data and analysis,
will try to identify and respond to the most pressing challenges, and will
suggest a way out. In
fact, it offers an opportunity for nations including India to step in and help
lead the way with a smarter approach to manage the climate change. Here, India could contribute the path
breaking way out looking to its tradition – coexisting with nature – with right
type of policies. In a news item, The Guardian argues that “How India’s battle with climate change
could determine all of our fates.” [2] It is because India’s population and
emissions are rising fast, and its ability to tackle poverty without massive
fossil fuel use will decide the fate of the planet.
Climate change and its
impact:
The difference
between the two terms environment and atmosphere is that the atmosphere refers to the envelop
of gases for the earth, whereas the environment refers to all the living and non-living things
including atmosphere that make up the surroundings. Climate is part of
environment. Climate affects and is affected by the environment in reciprocal
fashion.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution
of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time. The
change is attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2) produced by the use of fossil fuels and/or by human activities. Global
warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise
in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related
effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is
warming.[3]
The world has warmed more than one
degree Celsius since the Industrial Revolution. The Paris climate agreement —
the nonbinding, unenforceable and already unheeded treaty signed on Earth Day
in 2016 — hoped to restrict warming to two degrees.[4]
The odds of succeeding, according to a recent study based on current emissions
trends, are one in 20. If by some miracle we are able to limit warming to two
degrees, we will only have to negotiate the extinction of the world’s tropical
reefs, sea-level rise of several meters and the abandonment of the Persian
Gulf. Large scale migration cannot be ruled out. Long-term disaster is now the best-case
scenario. Three-degree warming is a prescription for short-term disaster:
forests in the Arctic and the loss of most coastal cities. Robert Watson, a
former director of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), has argued that three-degree warming is the realistic minimum. Four
degrees: Europe in permanent drought; vast areas of China, India and Bangladesh
claimed by desert; Polynesia swallowed by the sea; the Colorado River thinned
to a trickle; the American Southwest largely uninhabitable. The prospect of a
five-degree warming has prompted some of the world’s leading climate scientists
to warn of the end of human civilization.[5]
Climate change has occurred repeatedly throughout Earth's
history. Some aspects
of the current climate change are not unusual, but others are. The
concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has reached a record
high relative to more than the past half-million years, and has done so at an
exceptionally fast rate. Current global temperatures are warmer than they have
ever been during at least the past five centuries, probably even for more than
a millennium. If warming continues unabated, the resulting climate change
within this century would be extremely unusual in geological terms. Another
unusual aspect of recent climate change is its cause: past climate changes were
natural in origin, whereas most of the warming of the past 50 years is attributable
to human activities.[6]
When comparing the current climate change to
earlier, natural ones, three distinctions must be made. First, it must be clear
which variable is being compared: is it greenhouse gas concentration or
temperature, and is it their absolute value or their rate of change? Second,
local changes must not be confused with global changes. Local climate changes
are often much larger than global ones, since local factors (e.g., changes in
oceanic or atmospheric circulation) can shift the delivery of heat or moisture
from one place to another and local feedbacks operate (e.g., sea ice feedback).
Large changes in global mean temperature, in contrast, require some global
forcing (such as a change in greenhouse gas concentration or solar activity).
Third, it is necessary to distinguish between time scales. Climate changes over
millions of years can be much larger and have different causes (e.g.,
continental drift) compared to climate changes on a centennial time scale.
Why does carbon dioxide (CO2) get most of the attention
when there are so many other heat-trapping gases? Climate change is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
This carbon overload
is caused mainly when we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas or cut down and burn forests.
As a result, rate of acceleration of climate change is gaining momentum. Globally, 2018 is shaping
up to be the fourth-hottest year on record. The only years hotter were the
three previous ones. That string of records is part of an accelerating climb in
temperatures since the start of the industrial age that scientists say is clear
evidence of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions.[7]
In
2018, record heat wreaked havoc on four continents.[8]
For example, the contiguous United States had its hottest month of May, Japan
was walloped by record high temperatures in July, killing at least 86
people in what its meteorological agency bluntly called a “disaster.” Further, Nawabshah is in the heart
of Pakistan’s cotton country. But no amount of cotton could provide comfort on
the last day of April, when temperatures soared past 122 degrees Fahrenheit, or
50 degrees Celsius. Even by the standards of this blisteringly hot place, it
was a record. Similarly, May had been the warmest in 100 years in Oslo.
June was hot, too, according to MET Norway. And weather stations logged
record-high temperatures on the edge of the Sahara and above the Arctic Circle.
At 3 p.m. on July 5, on the edge of the vast Sahara, the Algerian oil town of
Ouargla recorded a high of 124 degrees Fahrenheit. Even for this hot
country, it was a record, according to Algeria’s national meteorological
service. While
attribution studies are not yet available for other record-heat episodes this
year, scientists say there’s little doubt that the ratcheting up of global
greenhouse gases makes heat waves more frequent and more intense. No
doubt, there
will be variations in weather patterns in the coming years, scientists say. But
the trend line is clear: 17 of the 18 warmest years since modern
record-keeping began have occurred since 2001.The temperatures and wildfires
witnessed this summer are set to become the new normal - yet much of the world
is unprepared for life on a hotter planet, scientists are warning.
India
is no exception. The country has about 18 percent of the world’s population, eight
percent of its biodiversity, about two percent of its land and less than one
per cent of its water. As such, the country is highly vulnerable to climate change.
Average temperatures have been rising throughout the country, and rainfall has
become more erratic. These changes are projected to continue accruing over the
coming decades. South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and
Precipitation Changes on Living Standards (2018) is the first book of its kind
to provide granular spatial analysis of the long-term impacts of changes in
average temperature and precipitation on one of the world’s poorest regions. [9]
The book finds that higher temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns
will reduce living standards in communities across South Asia including India —locations
that the book terms “hotspots.” More than 700 million people in India currently
live in communities that are projected to become hotspots under a carbon-intensive
climate scenario.
According to this World Bank
report, rising temperatures and changing monsoon rainfall patterns from climate
change could cost India 2.8 percent of GDP and depress the living standards of
nearly half the country’s population by 2050. Most of them now live in the
vulnerable areas and will suffer from declining living standards that could be
attributed to falling agricultural yields, lower labor productivity or related
health impacts. Some of these areas are already less developed, suffer from
poor connectivity and are water stressed.
India’s average annual temperatures
are expected to rise by 1.00°C to 2°C by 2050 even if preventive measures are
taken along the lines of those recommended by the Paris climate change agreement
of 2015. If no measures are taken average temperatures in India are predicted
to increase by 1.5°C to 3°C.
The work scientifically identifies
vulnerable states and districts as “hotspots” using spatial granular climate
and household data analysis. The report defines hotspot as a
location where changes in average temperature and precipitation will have a
negative effect on living standards. These hotspots are not only necessarily
higher temperature zones than the surrounding areas, but also reflect the local
population’s socio-economic capacity to cope with the climatic changes.
In India today, approximately 600
million people live in locations that could either become moderate or severe
hotspots by 2050 under a business-as-usual scenario, the report says. States in
the central, northern and north-western parts of India emerge as most
vulnerable to changes in average temperature and precipitation.
According to the report’s analysis,
by 2050 Chhattisgarh and Madhya
Pradesh are predicted to be the top two climate hotspot states and
are likely to experience a decline of more than 9 percent in their living
standards, followed by Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Seven out of the top 10 most-affected hotspot
districts will belong to the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.
“These weather changes will result in
lower per capita consumption levels that could further increase poverty and
inequality in one of the poorest regions of the world, South Asia,” says report author Mani
Muthukumara (2018), a Lead Economist in the South Asia Region of
the World Bank. “
To be concluded.....
[1]
Chancel,
Lucas and Thomas Piketty. 2017. “Indian
income inequality, 1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?” WID, World Working Paper Series No. 2017/11,
World Inequality Lab, Paris School of Economics. Also refer at: http://wid.world/document/chancelpiketty2017widworld/
[2] Carrington, Damian and Michael Safi, 2017. “How
India’s battle with climate change could determine all of our fates,” The Guardian Weekly (Nov. 6 2017) at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/06/how-indias-battle-with-climate-change-could-determine-all-of-our-fates
[3] IPCC. 2013. Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis Working
Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Edition: 2014, Chapter: Observations: Atmosphere and
Surface, Cambridge University Press,
pp.159-254
[4] . The climate
scientist James Hansen has called two-degree warming “a prescription for
long-term disaster.”
[5]
Rich, Nathaniel. 2018. Losing
Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change, The New York Times Magazine
(August 1, 2018). Also refer at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html
[6] IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. FAQ
6.2 Is the Current Change Unusual Compared to Earlier Changes in Earth’s
History? at: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-6-2.html
[8]
Sengupta Somini, Tiffany May and Zia ur-Rehman, 2018. How Record
Heat Wreaked Havoc on gout continents, The New York Times at:
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/30/climate/record-heat-waves.html
[9]
Mani, Muthukumara, et al. 2018. South Asia's Hotspots : Impacts of Temperature and Precipitation
Changes on Living Standards. South Asia Development
Matters; Washington, DC: World Bank. Also refer at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28723
License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
[1] The Nature Conservancy is a charitable environmental
organization, headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, United States. Its mission
is to "conserve the lands and waters on which all life
depends."
Sunday, 15 July 2018
Population Stabilisation must for New India
Dr.
Devendra Kothari
Population
and Development Analyst
Forum
for population Action
With
India confronting a host of crises concurrent with poverty, governance, corruption, social
and religious conflicts, why should anyone be concerned about population? The simple answer is that virtually
all major problems that confront India today relate in some critical way to the
galloping population. It leads to a massive diversion of national investable
resources to consumption which could otherwise be used for increasing
investment and productivity and for improving the quality as well as supply of
public services like education, health, sanitation, provision of safe drinking
water, etc. It impacts overall development. Without population
stabilization, India cannot solve its current problems.
India's demography is mind-boggling. India’s
population in 1947 was 33 crore and in
2018 it is 135 crore. In last seventy years it has quadrupled.
India
now contains about 17.8 per cent (i.e. every sixth person in the world is an
Indian) of humanity. China is the only country with a larger population ‑ in
the order of 7 crore more in 2018 as
compared to 30.2 crore in 1990. The
Indian population grew at an annual rate of 1.24 percent during 2010-15. On the
other hand, China registered a much lower annual growth rate of population
(0.61%) during the corresponding period.
The UN Population Division expects that in the year 2030 India's
population will surpass the population of China. At that time, India is
expected to have a population of more than 147.6 crore while China’s population
is forecast to be at its peak of 145.3 crore and will begin to drop
in subsequent years. Based on the analysis of recent data, the author came to
the conclusion that India will overtake
China in the next 3-5 years that is before 2023.
So will India’s population soon
start shrinking? Not really. Not anytime soon. Current estimates are that it
will keep growing till it peaks at about 175 crore around 2060. This continued
increase in population is thanks to something called demographic momentum. 31 per cent of the population of the country was in
the age group 0-14 years, as per the Census 2011. So
to expect a country with over a billion to abruptly halt is both impossible and
illogical.
The current population growth in India,
however, is mainly caused by unwanted fertility. Around five in ten live
births are unintended/unplanned or simply unwanted by the women who experience
them and these births trigger
continued high population growth. With a large number of people resulting
from unwanted pregnancies (Box 1), how can one think about using them for
nation building? The consequences of unwanted pregnancy are
being reflected in widespread malnutrition, poor health, low quality of
education, and increasing scarcity of basic resources like food, water and
space.
Box 1
Level
of unwanted childbearing
Around
2.6 crore children were born in India in 2017, and out of this about 1.3
crore births could be classified as unwanted. Further, based on the
National Family Health Surveys (1 to 4), it is estimated that in 2017 around
43.0 crore people out of 134 crore in
India were a result of unwanted pregnancies.
|
While India’s
population continues to grow by 1.5-1.6 crore people annually, and while 1.3
crore women, especially in the lower economic strata including Muslims, seek to
postpone childbearing, space births, or stop having children; they are not
using a modern methods of contraception. This is also known as the ‘unmet need’ for
contraception. Often, women with unmet need for
family planning services travel far from
their homes to reach a health facility, only to return home “empty
handed” due to
shortages, stock outs, lack of desired contraception and/or non-availability of
doctors and paramedical staff or poor quality of services. When women are thus
turned away, they are unable to protect themselves from unwanted/unplanned
pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. And this type of
incomplete control over the reproductive process reduces the prospects for an
early decline in the rate of population growth.
Incidents
of unwanted pregnancies can be dramatically reduced, if not eliminated, within
a decade by providing reproductive services as per the needs of couples, as had been done in
Andhra Pradesh during the nineties. If Andhra, with little
outside help, can manage its population growth under relatively low literacy
and high poverty (Literacy Rate of Andhra Pradesh in 2011 was 67.7% compared to
67.1% in Rajasthan, as per 2011 Census), there is no reason why other states
especially Four Large North Indian States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan
and Uttar Pradesh, with lesser problems and with increasingly generous support
from the Centre, should fail so spectacularly in managing unwanted
fertility.
India
must, therefore, ensure that every child is a wanted one. So revamp the family planning programme. With limited economic
progress, India’s large population can become a liability rather than an
advantage. A failure to stabilize India’s
Saturday, 16 June 2018
An agenda for New India
Devendra Kothari PhD
Population and Development Analyst
Forum for Population Action
Empowering deprived population will yield greater dividend
The policy paper- Nurturing Human
Development: A Strategy for New India - provides a pragmatic and workable
agenda for NEW INDIA based on the concept on Social Inclusion.[1] India
has been trying to achieve inclusiveness through reservations in government
jobs and higher education. If the reservation system had truly worked to
empower deprived or backward communities, the decades of its operation ought to
have ensured an inclusive society. But we have seen that India is most unequal
society in the world. The paper provides
an alternative framework to achieve social inclusion.
Productivity
is a major determinant of economic growth and provides the basic
trust for the improvement of the standard of living. As per the International Monetary Fund, India became the seventh
largest economy in the world in terms of GDP in 2016 but still it has a
very-very low per capita GDP. As a result it is placed at 123rd position among
186 countries. This is perhaps the most visible challenge.
The results of the cross country analysis
indicate that the level of productivity is negatively related to income
inequality.[2]
Even though India has made remarkable progress
in various fields, pockets of exclusion continue to prevent millions of its
people from realising their true potential. It is because of this that India has been ranked the most unequal large country in the world. The concern raised by many experts is that this equality is
rising much faster than expected. The
top one per cent richest individuals in India appropriated six per cent of
total income in the early 1980s, and now, this figure has gone up to twenty two
per cent.[3]
This suggests that wealth is not trickling down to the poor and India is turning into a ‘republic of
inequality’.
As
a result, over fifty per cent of India’s population
(Box 1) still
has little or no access to basic facilities, such as quality education, health
or sanitation even
after the adoption of market-friendly strategies during the 1990s and
record-high GDP growth in recent years.[4]
|
Box 1
Sizable deprived population
Around 700
million (70 crore) out of the total population of 1350 million in March 2018
can be classified as deprived or Vanchit
population. And, without empowering this population of 140 million (14 crore)
families, mainly comprising Dalits, tribes, other lower castes including OBCs
and Muslims, India cannot think of becoming a developed country.
|
What
is the way out? The
paper is based on the premise that only the well-being of the deprived
population, capable of actively participating in the development process and in
market economy, can ensure sustainable and inclusive development of the
country. Bill
Gates and Ratan Tata rightly noted: “Human capital is one of India’s
greatest assets. Yet, the world’s fastest growing economy hasn’t touched
millions of Indian citizens at the bottom of the economic pyramid.”[5]
It will, therefore, be
more effective and rewarding if we can focus on the poor families and provide
opportunities to them for upward mobility.
In fact, in the changed situation the poor
people want upward social mobility, as evidenced by recent violent agitations.
But the irony is that most political parties insist on imposing a social
identity on their vote banks without in the least realising that these deprived
people want other identities, or at least be associated with it – probably a
more neutral identity which is not as closely linked with their given identity.
These aspirations have come largely through media exposure, and through what
one sees others doing (as proposed by M.N. Srinivas in the concept of
“Sanskritisation”). Both Indian politics and society would, therefore, will be
better served if we could move our discourse more towards identities like
‘aspirational’ middle class rather than
“be fixated around supposedly immutable ascriptive identities” like caste and
religion.[6] This
move will help the vast downtrodden population in achieving middle class
identity leading to the creation of an inclusive society in the real sense. Now
the crucial question is how to translate this premise into a concrete
fundamental plan in policy framework and programme?
For this, India has to empower its
people through a dedicated human development approach/strategy. The
proposed approach is the central point of the paper, focuses on enhancing the
richness of human life rather than simply the richness of the economy. It will enable ordinary people to decide who they want to be, what to
do, and how to live. Also, it will help India transform its demographic dividend into an
asset.
To start with, the process of human
development must focus on five
interventions, namely: Improving the
quality of school education, Strengthening WASH factors (Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene), Enhancing primary health, Reducing gender gap, and most importantly Stabilizing the population by minimizing incidents of unwanted childbearing incidences
and bringing down infant mortality. In addition, we recognize that shifting of
excess labour from agriculture to non-agriculture sectors and managing climate
change including the quality of air and water are important inputs in the
process of human development.
How
to implement the strategy?
It may be recalled that the Government of India
has launched various pro-poor
schemes in recent years such as
‘Swachh Bharat’, ‘Skill India’, ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’, ‘Ujjwala’,
‘Saubhagya’, and ‘Ayushman Bharat’ among others for
financial inclusion and unlocking human potential. These schemes give new wings to
aspirations of the poor. However, it
appears that these schemes may not serve the purpose since most of these are being implemented
on a piecemeal basis and in isolation from the wider process of holistic
development. No
doubt, India needs a comprehensive policy package in place of incremental
approaches to expedite the process of human development.
The
paper, therefore, suggests a strategy entitled ‘HDPlus’ to identify the right beneficiaries or the
target population. Additional inputs may be added looking at the needs
of specific people/area. Hence, the framework has been termed as “HDPlus”. It is based on a ‘whole child’ concept, that is child and his/her family should be
the fulcrum of human development efforts and is being referred as ‘HDPlus
families’. The concept is being described by policies,
practices, and relationships which ensure that each child is healthy, educated,
engaged, supported and encouraged. For this, integrating the child and his or
her family more deeply into the day-to-day life of school and home activities
represents an untapped instrument for raising the overall achievements
including learning skills and health parameters, and hence improving overall
productivity. In other words, creating an enabling environment at family and
school levels is a way out to empower people.
Now the question arises
how to identify the target population or HDPlus families? In this framework, all government
school-going children, aged between 6 and 14, and their families will be the
target population for action. Most BPL (Below Poverty Line) families send their
children to government schools, though some of them have started sending their
children to the private ones too. The suggested framework will be implemented
by government agencies in collaboration with civil (society) organizations as
was done in the Pulse Polio campaign during the 1990s and the 2000s to
eradicate the polio virus (Box 2).
|
Box 2
HDPlus framework: at a glance
HDPlus is an affirmative action framework to change the circumstances that
lead to (or have led to) social exclusion.
Its main features are:
·
The focus of action will be all
school-going children, aged 6 to 14, in government schools and their families
(HDPlus families).
·
The focal point of various governments’
pro-poor schemes along with HD interventions will be HDPlus families.
·
The framework will be
implemented by government agencies in collaboration with civil organizations.
|
India’s future is apparently bright, but it will depend on which direction our
policies lead us to. India has to
develop not only in wealth but also in human potential. HD, therefore, is more
than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenges of
increasing productivity, reducing inequality, promoting sustainable development
and building good governance (Box 3). It is high time
that the Government of India and research institutions focus on developing
effective and smart human development agenda to unlock the human
capital. And, the paper suggests a prototype - HDPlus.
|
Box 3
The major Benefits of the proposed HDPlus strategy:
·
It will trigger rapid economic growth on a sustainable basis, and India can be a developed country in a generation.
·
It will
open new vistas for social mobility or an aspirational middle class identity, which are urgently needed for sustainable
development of the country.
·
It will help to solve an array of seemingly intractable problems
such as the battle over caste reservations, gender inequality and lack of
opportunity for youth among others.
·
It will redesign India’s future by providing its youth with
innovative ideas/jobs, involving robotics and artificial intelligence.
·
It will reinforce the faith
in liberal values.
|
[1] Based on the policy paper:
Nurturing Human Development: A Strategy for New India by the author. It
analyses what actions to be taken in the next 5 to 10 years to empower the
people, especially the Satar Crore Vanchit
(deprived) Bharatiya. It can be an
effective political slogan. For details,
contact: Dr. Kothari at: E mail: dkothari42@gmail.com & Mobile: 91 9829119868.
[2] DiPietro, William
R. 2014. “Productivity Growth and Income
Inequality,” Journal of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 2 (3): 01-08.
[3] Chancel, Lucas and Thomas Piketty.
2017. “Indian income inequality,
1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?” WID, World Working Paper Series No. 2017/11,
World Inequality Lab, Paris School of Economics. Also refer at: http://wid.world/document/chancelpiketty2017widworld/
[4] Chancel, Lucas and Thomas Piketty.
2017. “Indian income inequality,
1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?” WID, World Working Paper Series No. 2017/11,
World Inequality Lab, Paris School of Economics. Also refer at: http://wid.world/document/chancelpiketty2017widworld/
[5] Gates, Bill and Ratan Tata. 2016. “New nutrition report underscores the
importance of leadership in addressing stunting in India” at: https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-editorials/new-nutrition-report-underscores-the-importance-of-leadership-in-addressing-stunting-in-india
[6] Kapur,
Devesh. 2018. “Middle class is an aspirational
identity … people want other identities not as closely linked with their
ascriptive identity” at: https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Addictions/middle-class-is-an-aspirational-identity-people-want-other-identities-not-as-closely-linked-with-their-ascriptive-identity/
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